LUN
creature to whom it belonged is dead. One fpecies of this genus is called the rotunda from its round fhape. This is fo large as to contain two quarts of water, and from an old practice of ufing this fpecies by way of an oil jar in families, it obtained the name, of olearia. There is a peculiar fpecies called the dauphin fnail, which is elegantly furnifhed with rows of points of a jagged form on all its fpires; and the fhell called the eperon is another fpecies of this genus, the volutzeof which are in the fame manner furnifhed with points; but in this fpecies they are fmoother and fharper than in the dauphin fnail. Rondeletius has given the name ecbi- nophora to one, which is all over covered with rough tuber- cles. And there is one fpecies of this fhell brought from America, which is very large, and of a fine pearly coat within. The workmen in toys take much of what they ufe from it, and what we imagine the infide of the nacre, or mother of pearl, is often no other than the inner coat of this fnail.
The fpecies of this genus are the following, i. The faf- ciated and tuberous lunar fnail. 2. The great American burgau. This is often feen in the cabinets of the curious, with its outer furface eaten off, and then when it has been polifhed it looks all over pearly, and makes a very elegant appearance. 3. The ferpentikin lunar fnail, fo called from the colours and fpots. 4. The green fnail. 5. The olearia or large umbilicatcd lunar cochlea. 6. The lunar fnail, with an exerted clavicle. 7. The ribband ; fnail. This, how- ever, is but a variety of the former fpecies. 8. The fur- rowed lunar fnail. 9. The parrot lunar fnail. 10. The mailed chefnut fnail. 11-. The variegated mail. 12. The ittnar fnail with a deprefled apex, of a variegated green co- lour. 13. The fmall fmaragdine fnail. 14. The goat's eye fnail; there is a Chinefe fpecies of this fnail, with green and white lines very beautiful. 15. The violet fnail of Columna. 16. The wide lipped lunar fnail variegated with yellow and white. 17. The rough and furrowed fnail, called the os aureum, or golden mouth. iS. The rough and furrowed fnail, called the filver mouth, or os argenteum. 19. The dauphin fnail. 20. The granulated and umbili- cated fnail. 21. The deprefled fnail with tubercles on each fide. 22. The fpur fnail, with prickles difpofed in two ranges. Hift. Nat. Eclair, p. 2. p. 251.
LUND A, in zoology, a name by which Wormius, Hoier, and fome others, have called the bird, commonly known by the name of anas arftka Cluftl. See Duck.
LUNDRESS, in our old writers, a fterling filver-penny ; which had its name from being coined only at London, and not at the country mints. Lownds's Eflay upon Coins, p. 17.
LUNE, Lunula (Cycl) — The quadrature of the lunula is ge- nerally aferibed to Hippocrates of Chios ; but Proclus tells us exprefsly, that it was found by CEnopidas of Chios. See Mr. Heinius in Mem, de 1'Acad. de Berlin, Tom. 2. p. 410. who has given us a diflertation about this CEnopidas.
LUNENSE marmor, in the natural hiflory of the antients, the name of that fpecies, of white marble now known among us, by the name of the Carrara marble, and diftinguifhed from the ftatuary kind, by its greater hardnefs and lefs fplendour. It was ever greatly efteemed in building and ornamental works, and is fo ftill. It is of a very clofe and fine tex- ture, of a very pure white, and much more tranfparent than any other of the white marbles. It has always been found in great quantities in Italy, and is fo to this day. Hill's Hift. of Foffi p. 463.
LUNETTE (Cycl.) — Lunette, in the manege, A half horfe- ■fhoe, or fuch a fhoe as wants the fpunge, t. e. that part of the branch which runs towards the quarters of the foot, has this name given it.
Lunette is alio the name of two fmall pieces of felt made round and hollow, to clap upon the eyes of a vicious horfe ■that is apt to bite, and ftrike with his forefeet, or that will not fuffer his rider to mount him.
LUNGS (Cycl.) — From the experiments made on living ani- mals by Dr. Houfton % Dr. Hoadley b , and Mr. Bremond c , 'the lungs feem to act independent of the thorax, continuing to be dilated and contracted after they are expofed to the atr.[— * Phil. Tranf. N° 441. Seel:. 4. b Lectures on Re- fpiration. c Mem. de 1'Acad. des Sciences, 1739.- — ] An artificial inflation of the lungs of a dead or dying animal will put the heart in motion, and continue it fo for fome time. And we have an inftance of the fuccefsful application of this experiment to the refcuing the life of aperibn fuffo- ■cated by the means of a coal pit. See Medic. Eff. Edinb. Vol. 5. And Phil. Tranf. N . 475. Sect. 11. In the medical Eflays Edinb. we read of an ulcer in the lungs 1 piercing through the diaphragm into the liver. See Vol. 1. Art. 26.
Dropjy of the Lungs. See the article Hydrops pulmonum.
Lungs wounded. There is always reafon to apprehend that the lungs are wounded, when the patient voids a great quan- tity of frothy blood by the mouth, accompanied with a rough after receiving a wound in the thorax, efpecially when the bluod that is voided at the wound, is very florid, and the patient makes a particular noife when he draws his fcreath. The oihee of a furgeon, in this cafe, is to clear the
LUP .
cavity of the thorax from extravafated blood, and to heal the external wound when that may be done with fafety : but as no application can be made to the internal wound, that muft be left to nature. Whenever the divided veflels con- tract themfelves, and the blood flops of itfelf, the patient will recover ; the perfons who have recovered from thefe wounds, are afterwards externally fubjecr. to confumptions, and ulcers of the lungs. Sometimes in cafes of this kind, the wounded part of the lungs pufhes itfelf forward, and flicks pretty firmly in the orifice of the external wound. In this cafe, if it is forced back again, it will difcharge a great quantity of blood into the cavity of the thorax : there- fore it is» better to let it remain in the fituation nature has thrown it into, for by this means it will admit of the im- mediate application of proper dreflings, and you may fafely encourage it to adhere to the lips of the external wound ; but if a wounded portion of the lungs fhould be pufhed out of the thorax, beyond the limits of the external wound, a fine piece of Hnnen is to be wrapped round this part, and a ligature muft be then made above the linnen, and all that is below the ligature taken off with a fine knife, and the found part of the lungs muft then be returned into the body, keeping one end of the ligature conftantly hanging out at the external wound ; the wound is then to be kept open with a tent, and the ligature at length may be fafely drawn out. The wound is then to be healed in the ordinary way. And during the courfe of the cure, the patient muft take internally vulnerary decoctions, and lucatellus balfam. By this treatment wounds of this dangerous kind are forne- times cured, but when they are not, it is a fatisfaction to know that all has been done, that could be done in fo defperate a cafe. Hetfter. Surg. 73.
Lungs of infe£ts. In the fly clais the ftigmata are extremely- numerous, and the tracheae which they terminate are branch- ed and divaricated all over the body in an amazing manner, as if every part and particle of the bodies of thefe little ani- mals had occafion for its particular air veflels ; befide thefe, however, flies are provided with proper lungs. They have two, and thofe fo very large, that they frequently take up half, and fometimes two thirds of the body of the animal. Reaumur's Hift. Inf. Vol. 4. p. 267.
Thefe are two bladders placed fideways one by the other, alike in fhape and fize ; and having their origin at the junction of the corcelet and body, and in many flies whofe bodies are compofed of five rings, extending to the third, and fometimes reaching the fourth. The fize and figure of each of thefe bladders is fuch, as is neceffary, to fill almoft entirely that cavity of the body in which it is lodged. They each of them touch the fides of this cavity, the part when they join one another is flat, and this commiflure forms a line running ftrait down the body ; they are, how- ever, in this part, though fo clofely in contact, yet not at all joined to one another ; this commiflure, however, does not reach quite up to the back or quite down to the belly, there is a final] cavity left between each, which was very necef- fary in both places ; the one to give paffage to the great artery, the other to the excrements. Ibid. p. 268.
LUNG-mw7, Pulmonuria, in botany. See Pulmonaria.
LUNULA, in geometry. SeeLuNE, Cycl. & Suppl.
Lunula, the half moon, among the Romans, an ornament the patricians wore on their fhoes.
Lunula was alfo an ornament in form of a moon worn by the ladies.
LUNULARIA, a name given by Michel! to certain fpecies of the marchantia, a kind of lichen. Thefe have the male cup divided into four fegments, and thofe turning their edges over the flower ; whereas the marchantia, as he calls them, have eight or ten fegments, and thofe plain. Micheli Nov. Gen. PL 55.
LUNULATED leaf among botanifts. SeeLEAF.
LUPIA, in furgery, a name given by fome authors to that fort of fwelling, called by others talpa and iejludo. This is an encyfted tumor, more diftinguifhed by its fituation than by its nature, fince of whatever kind it be, whether aftea- tomatous, or atheromatous, EsV. if fituated under the fcalp, it is called by thefe names. Heijler's Surgery, p. 324.
LUPINASTER, in botany, the name given by Buxbaum to a new genus of plants, from their near approach to the cha- racters of the lupine. The flowers are like thofe of the other papilionaceous plants; the leaves are digitated as in the lupines. The flowers are collected into a head, fuftained on a long pedicle, iffuing from the ala? of the leaves. The pods are flat, and the feeds kidney fhaped. The ftalks are fix or eight inches high, the leaves long, of a blueifh. green ; fharply ferrated, and elegantly ftriated ; they grow fix, fe- ven, or eight on a pedicle, which comes out of a yellowifh membrane furrounding the ftalk. The flowers are of a blueifh purple, and arife out of cups, divided into feveral fegments. The pods are long and deprefled, and the feeds black and kidney fhaped. It grows in great plenty about the banks of the Volga. Act. Petrop. Vol. 2. p. 346.
LUPINE, in botany. SeeLuPiNUs, infra.
LUPINUS, the lupine, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe. The flower is of
the
