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ANHUIBA, In botany, a name by which fome authors Call the faflafras tree, the wood of which is fu much ufed in medicine. Pifo, V . i +s . .
ANH\DROS, in botany, a name given by the antient Greeks anil from them copied by the Romans in die time of Pliny, to exprefs one of thofe kinds of the Strychna, or night-fhade's, which when taken internally caufed madnefs. The more early Writers confounded all the night-fhades, fo far as con- cerned names, under the general tennStrychna ; but that they diftinguiflied the Stfyehna into three different kinds from their eft'efls, the firib were the (lcepy, the fecond the mad Sola- tium, and the third the efculcnt ones, among which the prin* cipal were the Lycoperhcon or love-apple, and die Halicacca- bum or winter cherry.
ANI, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird, fomewhat al- lied to the paroquettc kind. It is about the lize of a thrufh, and is all over black, all its feathers, its beak, its eyes, and its feet being of that colour : its beak is large, very hooked and prominent, and running to a fliarp ridsre at the top ; and its legs and feet are very fmoll and (lender. It is very common in the woods, but is not eaten. Marggraw, Hiftor. Braul.
ANIMA [Cycl.) is fometimes ufed by phyficians to denote the principle of life in the body.
In which fenfe Willis calls' the blood Anima Irutalis, Ca/l Lex. Med. p. 51.
Anima is alio figuratively ufed by chymifts for the volatile prin- ciple in bodies whereby they are capable of being raifed by thefire. Dion. Zacbar, in Theat. Chym. T. 1. p. 714. In which fenfe, we meet with Anima Jafpidis, the foul of jafper, &c, Phil. Tranf. N\ 74. p. 2233.
Anima is more peculiarly applied to limple medicines, artfully exalted by folution and extraction to a high degree of power. In which fenfe, we meet with Anima Alas, Anima RJiabar- hari, Anima Veneris, &c. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 51. Anima Rbabarbarl is prepared of the powder of that root boiled with cichory water, till a purple tincture be procured. Teiebmey. Inft. Chem. p. 260.
Anima is alfo applied in fpeaking of medicines, which are peculiarly friendly and falutary to certain parts of the body. Jji which fenfe, we meet with Anima Pnlmonum, Anima He- patis, Anima Articulorum, &c.
Some ufe the phrafe Anima Catbolica Mundi, for the uni- verfal fpirit joined with the humid ajtherial fubftance of all todies. Theat. Chym. T. 6. p. 147. In the operation of the philofopher's ftone, Anima is ufed to denote the Aqua Mercurialis Phikfopbiea. Theat. Chym. T, 3. p. 26. It. T. 4. p. 75. and 721. feq. The name Anima is alfo given to the philofopher's ftone itfelf. Rul. Lex. Alchem. p. 42.
Anima Gemmarum, a term ufed by Becher, and fome others, to exprefs that principle, to which the gems and other beautiful Hones owe their colours.
ThisAnima lapiium is no more than the metalline fulphur to which thefe ftones and gems, naturally colourlefs, owe their tinges; and, like other metalline fulphurs, it may be raifed and evaporated by fire. Becher is the author of an odd experi- ment, in which it is faid, melt a jafper in a covered cruci- ble, well luted, and the ftone will become white, but its colour will be found on the cover and upper parts of the cru- cible. Becher, Phyf. Subt.
Anima Saturni, the foul of lead, a preparation of lead fervmg to many purpofes in the enamel work. The method of making it is this :
Put litharge, powdered fine, into a glazed earthen veflel, and pour diftilled vinegar upon it to the height of four fingers ; let it ftand till the vinegar is of a white or milky hue : pour off this coloured vinegar, and put on frefh, and fo do till the vinegar will no longer be coloured by the litharge ; then fet thefe liquors together in open glazed earthen vcffels, that the white powder may fubfide, and the vinegar be poured off clear. This white fubftance is the Anima Saturni. Some- times this white matter will not precipitate without the addi- ction of water ; and fometimes it is neceflary to evaporate the liquors ; but by that means it is always prepared. AWs art of glafs, p. 184.
ANIMAL (<V.)-~Some have objeaed to Ray's divifion of Ani- mals, mentioned in the Cyclopedia, that all Animals are fan- guineous, lince all have a vital fluid circulating through veins and arteries, though it be not of a red colour in all, the cf- lential character of the blood lying not in its crimfon colour but in its office: in which view every fluid, by wiiofe mo- tion through ven'cls the life of an Animal is fuftaincd, may be denominated Blood. See Blood. But this is rather a difpute about words than things.
An imal is alio fometimes applied, in a figurative fenfe, to ar- tificial or moral things.
Hobbs confidcrs government as a huge complex Animal, un- der the denomination of Leviathan.
The reafon of the appellation is founded on the analogy be- tween _ an animal, and a political body. The fovereign or legiflative power anfwers to the foul; the magiilrates to the limbs or members ; rewards and punifhments are the nerves ; riches, the ftrength ; councilors, the faculty of me-
buppj.. VpL. I.
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mory; equity, reafon; fedition,, ficknefs; civil war, deatfh Vid, Hobb. Leviath. P. i. p. i.
Animal Gods, Dii Animates, in the mythology of the antients, thofe into which human fouls were converted by means of certain religious ceremonies.
Labeo has written exprefsly on the animal gods. Serv. ad I 3. JEiKid. Herald, ad Arnob. p. 154. Sdlmaf Exerc, Plin, p. 64. Kirchman. de Funerib. 1. 4. c. 13. FoJfAnH. Orat. 1. 1. c . 2. n. 5. Gal. ad Ladtant. p. 79. feqq. Fabri Thtf. in voc.
Animal Syjlem imports the whole clafs of beings endowed with animal life.
In which fenfe animal fyjl cm amounts to the fame with what chemifrs, and others, call the ani?nal kingdom.
Animal is alfo ufed for what we otherwife call corporeal. In this fenfe we fay animal pleafures, animal life, &c r
Wheel Animal. See the article Wheel Animal.
Animals ftmilar. See Similar Animals.
Animal liquors. — The common opinion is, that all the ani- mal liquors, excepting chyle and milk, are of an alcalefcent nature^ but Mr. Qucfnay, in his book fur FOeconomie Ani- mate, affirms, that our gelatinous liquors contain a very ace- fcent fait, capable of refitting a heat of two hundred degrees. The proof of which, fays he, offers itfelf daily to everyone. Who is it that has not remarked, that broth made with flefh well freed from fat, when corrupted, becomes as four as ver- juice ? The foundation on which Mr. Quefnay builds his doctrine concerning animal liquors, is the fcparation of milk into its oily, cheefy, and watery fubftances. Medic. EiT. Edinb. T. 2. p. 448.
ANIMALCULE (Cycl.)— Naturaliifs have many fpeculationS concerning the origin, the multiplication, and propagation of Animalcules ; whether, e. gr. it be by putrefaction, or by copulation, and the ordinary intercouffe of the two fexes. Concerning the mechanifm of Animalcules, the ftfucture of their eyes, their different orders and cecontmw, their num- ber, minutenefs, food, office, ufe, &*-. Some will have Animalcules the caufe of all difcafes, particu- larly the itch, the plague, &c. Others affign them a nobler ufe, and fuppofe them intended to animate and enliven all nature, to be the principle of life, motion, generation, and the firff. ftamina or rudiments of man hirhfelf. As to the origin and propagation of Animalcules, we find na- turalifts extremely at a lofs, and therefore advancing conjec- tures and hypothefes, each more chimerical than the other. The fyftem of putrefaction folves the difficulty quickly ; but the fuppofition is unphilofophical, and contrary to obferva- tion and analogy. Yet how fuch vait numbers of animals can be, as it were at pleafure produced* without having recourfe to fomething like equivocal generation, is very diffi- cult to fay! To produce a million of living creatures in a few hours, by only expofing a little water in a window, or by adding to it a few grains of fomc feed, or leaves of a plant, fecms difficult to believe. We therefore muft fuppofe them to have been pre-exiftenf*
Huygens imagines, that the Animalcules in pepper or gifiger water come thither out of the air, attracted by the fpicy fmell. But can we fuppofe that the eff.uvia of aromatic bo- dies, grofs enough to affect our olfactory organs, can pro- duce the like fenfations in creatures many millions of times lefs than us ? Ought not the odorous particles which affect them, to be proportional to thejr own fize ? Each corpufcle of the effluvia, e. gr. of pepper, may be many degrees big- ter than the whole body of one of our Animalcules ; and in- ffead of entring its noftrils, muft knock it down, or even bury it under its load. Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 32. p. 6 1 4. feq. Harris is rather of opinion, that the eggs of fome exceeding fmall infects, which are very numerous, may have been laid or lodg'd in the plica; or ruga of the coats of the grain, by fome kinds that inhabit thofe feeds, as their proper places. For that infects of the larger kinds do frequently thus depofite their eggs, on the flowers and leaves of plants, is often ex- perimented ; and it is probable that the fmaller or microfco- pical infects do the fame. Now thefe being warned out of the feeds by their immcrfion in water, may rife to the fur- face, and there be hatched into thefe animals which we fee fo plentifully to abound there. Or, the furface of the water may arreft the draggling eggs of ibmc microfcopical infects, which before floated in the air, and being prepared for this purpofe by the infufion of proper grain, or a due degree of heat, may compofc fo proper a nidus for them, that by the fun's warmth they may cafily be hatched into living creatures, which may afterwards turn into flies of the fame ipecies with the animal parent, Phil. Tranf N° 220. p. 258. feq. But this is not enough, M. Malezieu has diicovercd fome Animalcules to be viviparous, and others oviparous, a And Lewenhoeck and others pretend to have feen them in the very act of copulation. b Others allure us they have feen eggs in the bodies of fome Animalcules which are tranfparent, and that in others eggs have appeared placed on the outfide of the body ; from which M. Malezieu and M. Tobelot have obferved young ones to iflue alive, of the fame kind and form with their fires and dames c . A fingie Animalcule, difcovered by Wolfius, in freih rain water, was obferved by 2 S . him
