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the beautiful and (lately pillars, the extraordinary plenty of foreign marble, the curious vaulting of the roofs, the prodi- irious number of fpacious apartments, and a thoufand other ornaments, make one of the greateft ciirionties of modern Rome '.-[ h Salmuth. ad Pancir. P. >. Tit. 27. ' Vid .Km,,. Rom. Ant. P. z. 1. .. t. 7. p. 57- See alfo Schott. Itmer. Ital. p. 1 32: & Pitifc. Lex. Antiq. T:f. p. 95', leq-J It has been thought by many, that the praaice of drinking our Bath waters in Somerfetfhire is not very antient, and that their antient ufe was in bathine ; but Dr. Friend endeavours to fhew the internal ufe of thofe waters to have been very early. Dr. Guidot, in whofe time this ufage revived, and who has given us the beft hiftorical narrative of thefe waters, goes no higher for their internal ufe than the latter end of the fixteenth century. But they appear to have been in ufe in the thirteenth century: Gilbert fumamed Anglicus, who, according to Bavle, lived in 1 2 1 o, in the reign of king John, or more pro- bably in that of Edward I. mentions a perfon cured of a leu- cophlegmacy, attended with a fwelling, tfr. by the fulphure- ous baths ; which Dr. Friend underflands of the Bath waters ; and that the cure was wrought by drinking, not batnmg, which had been improper in fuch a cafe. Friend. Hift. Phyf. P. 2. p. 271, feq.
See theufcs of Bath waters, and their difference from thofe of Briftol, under the head Briftol Water.
Dry BiTH.— The antients had divers ways of fweating by a dry heat ; as by the means of hot fand, ftove-rooms, or artifi- cial bagnios, and certain natural hot fleams of the earth, re- ceived under a proper arch, or hot houfe, as we learn from Celfus K They alfo had another kind of br.th by mfolation where the body was expofed to the fun for fome time, in or- der to draw forth the fuperfluous moifture from the inward parts ; and to this day it is a praaice in fome nations to cover the body over with horfe-dung, efpecially in chronical dil- eafes, to digeft and breath out the humour that caufes the dil- temper ' In New England they make a kind of ftoves of turf, wherein the fick are fhut up to bathe or fweat ».— [ k L. 2. c. 17. ' Hoffm. Exper. on Min. Wat. p. 178. m Phil. Tranf. N° 384. p. 130.]
Bath, in Jewifh antiquity, is alfo the name of a liquid mea- fure, containing the tenth part of an omer. Chamierl. of Jew. Meaf. p. 1 37. Godw. Mofes and Aaron, 1. 6. c. 9. p. 528. The hath, called alfo bathus, was the tenth part of the omer in liquid things, as the epha was in dry ; fo that the bath and epha were of the fame dimenfions. Ezek. c. 45. ver. 1 1. Arbuth. Tab. p. 99. „•;-■„,,
Some diftinguifh five kinds of baths ; the firft called the greater bath, of the fame quantity with the epha, equal to the Roman amphora, and confequently containing eighty pounds of water. Jofephus - indeed gives its dimenhon otherwife, making the bath to contain 12 fextaries ; on which footing the bath will be equivalent to the Attic metretes ', and contain 1 440 Roman ounces, inftead of 960 given by the former account. Jofephus is followed by Eifenfchmidt. Beverinus, and after him Lami, adhere to the other and fmaller proportion p.— [" Jofrph.Antiq. i. 8. c. 2. ° Vid. Holft. Hift. Rei Numm. T. 2. 1. 1. §. I. p Vid. Paul, ad Beverin. p. 130, feq.]
The fecond bath contained 100 ounces of water ; and of this it is the fcripturc is fuppofed to fpeak in defcribing the brazen fea, which was to contain 2000 baths. 1 Kings c. 7 v. 26.
The third bath contained 66 ounces two-thirds of water ; and of thefe baths the brazen fea contained 3OCO. This bath fuppofed to have been in ufe at the time when the book of Chronicles was written.
The fourth bath was only a fourth part of the fecond, and con- fequently contained 2 5 ounces of water.
The fifth bath contained fix ounces two-thirds of water. Be- verin. Synt. de Menhir. P. 2. p. 127, feq. Some have imagined a facred meafure of this name different from the common one, and containing a bath and an half of the other ; but without foundation. Calmct, Diet. Bibl. T. I. p. 261.
Bath mttal is a preparation of copper with zink, which gives 2 more beautiful colour than the calamine ufed in the prepa- ration of the common brafs. Stahl. Phil. Princ. Chem. P. 2. fee. 4. §. 112. See Prince's Metal.
Bath-KoI, in Jewifh antiquity, a fpecies of revelation by a voice or echo from heaven. Bafn. Hift. Juif. T. 3. p. 126, feq. Wolf. Bibl. Hebr. T. 2. p. 133. Godw. Mofes and Aaron, 1. 4. c. 8. p.^ 1 65 .
The word fignifies in the original, daughter-win or daughter of a voice; for it may be interpreted both ways. It fcems to have been thus called with refpeft to the oracular voice deli- vered from the mercy-feat, when God was confulted by urim and thummim : this latter was the grand and primary voice of revelation : the former of fecondary dignity, and inferior to it as the daughter to the mother. Pridcau::, Conned. P. 2. 1. 5. p. 462.
The Jewifh writers fpeak of three kinds of revelation among them ; the firft by urim and ihummim, which obtained from the erecting of the tabernacle to the building of the temple ; the fecond by the fpirit of prophefy, which prevailed from the beginning of the world to the death of Malachi ; the third the
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bath-kol, or filia voas, which tqpk place when the fpirit of prophecy was wholly ceafed in Iirael. Vid. Lighifsot, Works, T. 1. p. 485. Talmud. Bab. in Tract. Sanhcdrin, p. u. Divines are much divided as to the nature and manner of this revelation. Dr. Prideaux maintains, that the bath-kol was no fuch voice from heaven as the Jews pretend, but only a phan- taftical wav of divination of their own invention, like the for- tes Virgiliance among the heathens : for as with thefe latter, the words^firft dipped at in the book of that poet were the oracle, whereby they prognofticated thofe future events which they defired to be informed of j fo with the Jews, when they ap- pealed to bath-kol, the next words which they mould hear from any one's mouth were the oracle itfelfi This they called a voice from heaven ; becaufe thereby they thought the judg- ment of heaven to be declared as to any dubious points, which they defired to be informed of, and the decrees of heaven to be revealed concerning the future fuccefs of any matter, which they would be pre- informed of.
Some have given another reafon for the name, w2. that it came out of thunder ; that the thunder-clap always went firft, and the bath-kol after it : fo that the thunder was as the mo ■ ther-voice., and the bath-kol the daughter coming out of it. But this cannot be true ; for moll of the inftances, which the Jewifh writers give us of their bath-kol, are without any fuch thunder preceding. Prid. Connect. T. 3. P. 2. I. 5. p 463, feq. n.
Huet maintains, that fome books of fcripture were written by bath-kol, particularly the books of Tobit and Judith. It may be added, that the generality of the Jewifh traditions, cuftoms, ceremonies, &c. are alledged to be founded on fome bath-kol. Vid. Wolf. Bibl. Hebr. T. 1. p. 259.
Danzius has a difTertation on the iniquity and impofture of the bath-kol; lie filia vocis nefanda, divines amu'a. Vid, Calm. Diet. Bibl.T. 1. p. 261. a.
Some of the learned diftinguifh between urim and thummim and the holy fpirit, and reckon four degrees of prophetic or divine inftruction, which were indulged to the Jewiih church: the firft and molt excellent wss, the fpirit of prophecy, pro- perly fo called, as it was given to Mofes and the fucceeding prophets. 2. The holy fpirit. 3. Urim and thummim. 4. Bath-kol a , which, Grotius b fays, was the fole oracle which remained to them during the time of the fecond temple. — [ a Dritfi in Matt. iii. 17. b Grot, in Joh. xii. 28. ap. Mid- dleton's Examinat. of the Bifhop of London's Difcourfes, P- 50-] BATHING, the act of ufmg or applying a bath ; that is, of immerging the body, or part of it, in water, or other fluid. See Bath.
Bathing, on a religious account, is more properly called ablu- tion, orbaptifm. See Ablution, Baptism, Cyd. and SuppL Bathing is a practice of great antiquity. The Greeks, as early as the heroic age, are faid to have bathed themfelves in the fea, in rivers, EsrV. We even find mention in Homer of hot baths in the Trojan times ; but thefe feem to have been very rare,and only ufed on extraordinary occafions. Athenjeus fpeaks of hot baths as unufual even in his age. In reality, public baths appear to have been difcouraged, and even prohibited, by the antient Greeks, who were contented to wafh themfelves at home in a fort of bathing tubs. Vid. Pott. Archaeol. T. 2. 1. 4. c. 19. p. 371, feq.
The method of bathing among the antient Greeks was, by heating water in a large veiTel with three feet, and thence pour- ing it on the head and moulders of the perfon, feated in a tub for that purpofe, who, at coming out, was anointed with oil. Burette, in Hift. Acad. Infer. T. 1. p. 1 17. The Romans were alfo long ere they came into the ufe of baths, the very name of which, themice, fhews they borrowed it from the Greeks. As the antient Romans were chiefly em- ployed in agriculture, their cuftom was, every evening, after work, to wafh their arms and legs, that they might fit down to fupper with more decency : for it is to be obferved, the ufe oflinnen was then unknown, and the people of that age went with their arms and legs bare, and confequently expofed to duft and filth a . But this was not all ; for every ninth day, when they repaired to the city, either to the nundinx, or to attend at the aflemblies of the people, they bathed all over in the Tiber, or fome other river which happened to be neareft them b . This feems to have been all the bathing known till the time of Pompey, when the cuftom began of bathing every- day. — [ a Mercurial, de Art. Gymnaft. 1. 1. c. 10. b L'Abbe Couture, in Mem. Acad. Infer. T. 2. p. 414.] The Celtic nations were not without the ufe of bathing : the antient Germans bathed every day in winter in warm water, and in fummer in cold. This is what Tacitus feems to fug- ged, Jlatim e fornno — lavantur, fapius calida, ut api;d quos plurimum h'mns occupat. De Mor. Germ. c. zz. In England, the famous bath in Somerfetfhire is by fome aflert- ed to have been in ufe 800 years before Chrift c . ' Of this, it muft be owned, we have but flender evidence : however, Dr. Mufgrave makes it probable it was a place of confiderable re- fort in Geta's time, there being ftill the remains of a ftatue erected to that general, in gratitude for fome benefactions he had conferred on it d .— [ < Vid. Phil. Tranf. N a 49. p. 078. d It. N J 346. p. 386.J "
Bathikg,
