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had fired ; but it is now made with an iron handle and ring, to go over the muzzle of the piece, and be fcrewed fait there- on. Since this invention of bayonets, pikes are out of ufe. Guill. Gent Diet. P. 2. in voc.
This ufe of the bayonet fattened on the muzzle of the firelock was a great improvement, firft introduced by the French, and to which, according to M. Folard, they owed a great part of their victories in the laft century 3 ; and to the neglect of this in the next fucceeding war, and fruiting to their fire, the fame author attributes moft of the loSTes they fuftained \— [ a Ob- ferv. in Polyb. T. 2. p. 452- Fafcb. Lex. Milit. p. 61. b Fo- lard. fur Polyb. T. t. p. 116.]
But tho' this writer commends the ufe of the bayonet (o much, he thinks it far inferior to the pike, or rather partifan, as he defcribes it, of 12 or 13 feet long ; and lie proppfes, that one- fifth of a body of infantry fhould be armed with thefe parti- fans. But it docs not feem probable that this propofal fhould take place, while the great point of view in military difcipline is to multiply fire, both in cannon and fmall-arms. At the liege of Malta, a weapon called pila ignea was contri- ved to oppofe the bayonets, being in fome meafure the converfe thereof; as the latter confifts of a dagger added to a fire-arm, the former confifted of a fire-arm added to a pilum, or pike. Aquin. Lex. Milit. T. 2. p. 155. a. in voc. pikt ignea.
BAZAR, or Basar, a denomination among the Turks and Perfians, given to a kind of exchanges, or places where their fineft fluffs and other wares were fold. Thefe are alfo called hezejlins.
The word bazar fecms of Arabic origin, where it denotes fale, or exchange of goods.
Some of the Eaftern bazars are open, like the market-places in Europe, and ferve for the fame ufes, more particularly for the fale of the more bulky and lefs valuable commodities. Others are covered with lofty cielings, or even domes pierced to give light ; and it is in thefe the jewellers, goldfmiths, and other dealers in the richer wares, have their fliops. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 313, feq.
The bazar or maidan of Ifpahan is one of the fineft places in ail Per Ma, and even furpaSTes all the exchanges in Europe ; yet, notwithstanding its magnificence, it is excelled by the bazar ofTauris, which is the largeft that is known, having feveral times held thirty thoufand men ranged in order of bat- tle. Savar. Supp. p. 56.
At Constantinople, there is the old and the new bazar, which are large, fquare buildings, covered with domes, and fuftained by arches and piiafters ; the former chiefly for arms, harnefles, and the like ; the latter for goldfmiths, jewellers, furriers, and all forts of manufacturers. Tournef, Voy. de Levant, T. 2. Lett. 12. p. 10.
BAZGENDGES, in natural hiftory, the name of a fubftance ufed by the Turks, and other eaftern nations, in their fcarlet- dying : they mix it for this purpofe with cochineal and tartar, the proportions being two ounces of the bazgendges to one ounce of cochineal.
Thefe are generally efteemed a fort of fruit, and are produced on certain trees in Syria, and other places ; and it is ufually fuppofed, that the fcarcity and dearnefs of them is the only thing that makes them not ufed in Europe. But Mr. Reau- mur, who had fome of the Turkifh bazgendges fent over to him, is of opinion, that they might eafily be had in Europe ; for he found, that they were no other than a kind of leaf-galls, produced by the means of an infect, in the manner of the horn of the turpentine-tree, and the common bladder -galls of the pucerons with us. The turpentine horn is, however, the thing which moft refembles thefe, as they are the product of a tree of that fpecies, the bazgendges thcmfelves fmelling very Strong of turpentine ; and when the horns of the common turpentine are dried, and compared with them, there is no vifible differ- ence. Hence it is to be obferved, that thefe infects are not always mifchievous and ufelefs, but fometimes greatly benefi- cial to the world; and Mr. Reaumur veryjuftly obferves, that as the turpentine-tree h very common in many parts of France, and ufually is full of its horns every year, it might be eafy to gather a fufficient quantity of them to make trials of; and if found to anfwer the fame purpofe in Europe as in the Eaft, the trees might be raifed in any quantities. Upon the whole, the bazgendges feem to be no other than the horns of the turpentine-tree in the eaftern parts of the world ; and it is not only in Syria that they are found, but China alfo affords them. Many things of this kind were fent over to Mr. Geoffroy at Paris from China, as the fubftances ufed in the fcarlet-dying of that country, and they all proved wholly the fame with the Syrian and Turkifh bazgendges, and with the common turpentine horns. The lentisk or maftic-tree is alfo frequently found producing many horns of a like kind with thefe, and of the fame origin, all being owing to the pu- cerons, which make their way into the leaves, to breed their young there. Reaumur, Hift. Infect. Vol. 6. p. 37.
BAZOCHE, or Basoche, a royal kind of jurifdiction exercifed among the clerks of the palais, or courts of juftice at Paris. Ruhel. U Aubcrt, T. 1. p. 191. Corn. Diet. T. 1. p. 95. b. It is adminiftred in the name and by the authority of the king of Bazode, roy de la Bazocbe, by virtue of an anticnt
grant of the" kings of France. The elder among the clerks are the officers ; and he who prefides is the chancellor. This court only takes cognizance of caufes among, the clerks or between clerks and artificers for goods bought, or work done. The freedoms they took with private characters in their inqulfitions and remonftrances, has occafioned feveral arrets to reftrain their power, and prohibit their holding pleas without leave.
A collection of ftatutes, ordonnanees, regulations, monuments, and prerogatives of the kingdom of Bafocbe were published at Paris in 16^4, 8vo. Dict.de Trev. T. 1. p. 901.
BDELLIUM (Cy.)— The rabbins will have this bdellium to denote pearl, in which they are ftrenuoufly fupported by the learned Bochart ; but oppofed by Salmafius, who maintained, that the fcripture bedollach imports a fort of gum produced in Jud^a, as well as the fruit of a tree growing in Arabia. Vid. Bochart, Hierozoic. P. 2. 1. f. c . 5. Sabnaj. de Homon. Hyl. Jatr. c. 109. Le Clerc. Bibl. Univ. T. 14. p. 406, feq. The gum of this name among the moderns is Somewhat bit- terifh to the tafte, looks transparent when broken, and if rub- bed, feems a fattifh fubftance.
It is thought to facilitate digeftion, to difcufs and promote per- fpiration, and to be good in coughs, and many duorders of thebreaft; but its chief ufe now in compofition is in difcu- tient plafters, cerats, and unguents ; in which it Is mightily commended for reducing of ruptures, and foftening any indu- rations of the nervous parts. Junck. Confp. Therap. tab. 5. p. 183. Vid. Lemery, Diet, des Drog. p. 116. The pilules de bdetiio majores, defer ibed by Meffiie, are ufed by fome againft the piles and excefles of the menfes. Herman- nus a alfo praifes the oil of bdellium againft obstructions of the womb. Fumigations of the fame gum, juffitus ex bdeilio, re- ceived by the anus, are alfo ordered by fome to Stop immode- rate fluxes of the haemorrhoids b . — [ a Cynejur. Mat. Med. p. 262. b Burggr. Lex. Med. p. 1522, feq.
BEAD, (Cycl.) in affaying, the Small lump or mafs of pure me- tal feparated from the Scoria, and fcen distinct and pure in the middle of the coppel while in the fire.
Thus, in the feparating filver from its ore by means of lead, the filver remains in form of a bead, when the lead, that bad before affifted in the operation, is all reduced to fcoria. In this procefs, the bead of Silver muft be taken out of the coppel as foon as it is feen pure and fine, left growing cold, it fhould be conglut'mated to the coppel or litharge. This bead, when rightly made, is always porous underneath. Cramer, Art of Aft. p. 216.
Beads are more particularly ufed among us for a fort of glaSs necklace, made in imitation of the colour and figure of pearl. The Romanifts make great ufe of beads in rehearfino- their ave Maria's and fater-nojlre s ; and the like ufage is found among the dervices and other religious throughout the Eaft, as well Mahometan as heathen. The antient druids appear alfo to have had their beads, many of which are ftill found ; at leaft, if the conjecture of an ingenious author may be admitted, who takes thofe antique glafs globules, havino- a fnake painted round them, and called adder-beads, or fnake- biittons, to have been the beads of our antient Brttifh druids. Phil. Tranf. N° 337. p. 96.
Beads are alfo ufed in fpeafcing of thofe glafs globules vended to thefavages on thecoafts of Africa; thus denominated, becaufe they are ftrung together for the convenience of traffic. Savar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 665.
Bead is alfo ufed for a little, round, white froth formed on the furface of brandy, or Spirit of wine, upon fhaking the glafs ; and which is the proof of the goodnefs of the liquor. Savar. loc. cit.
Hence the method of trying brandy by the bead, or chapelets* is called the bead-proof; fometimes bubble-proof. Shaw, Efl". on Diftillat. §. 5. p. 119, & 137. See Be A-a-proof, infra.
BeadWot, called by the French fatenoflriers, are thofe em- ployed in the making, ftringing, and felling of beads. At Paris there are three companies of patcnojlriers, or bead- makers; one who make them of glafs or cryftal ; another in wood and horn ; and the third in amber, coral, jet, &c.
BEAD-proof a term ufed by our diftillers, to exprefs that fort of proof of the Standard ftrength of fpirituous liquors, which confifts in their having, when fhaken in a phial, or poured from on high into a glafs, a crown of bubbles, which ftand on the furface fome time after. This is efteemed a proof that the fpirit confifts of equal parts of rectified Spirits and phlegm. See Proof.
This is a fallacious rule as to the degree of ftrength in the goods; becaufe any thing that will increafe the tenacity of the Spirit, will give it this proof, tho' it be under the due ftrenoth. Our malt-diftillers fpoil the greater part of their goods, by leaving too much of the ftinking oil of the malt in their fpirit, in order to give it this proof, when fomewhat under the Stan- dard ftrength. But this is a great deceit on the purchafers of malt fpirits, as they have them by this means not only weaker than they ought to be, but ftinking with an oil, that they are not eafily cleared of afterwards.
On the other hand, the dealers in brandy, who ufually have
the art of fophifticating it to a great nicety, are in the right
3 when
