the person. There were particular ones for the philosophers, for orators, for historians, and for poets. It would be difficult to rehearse all the forms of them; one of the most usual was Sophos, which was to be repeated three times. Martial comprehends several other usual forms in this verse.
Graviter, Cits, Ncquiter, Euge, Beate.
Neither the Greeks nor Romans were barren, on this head. The names of gods and heroes were given those whom they would applaud ; it was not enough to do it after each head of discourse, chiefly after the exordium, but the Acclamations were renewed at every fine passage, frequently at every period, with which the authors were sometimes so fatigued, that they were obliged to beg quarter of the audience. On the other hand it was death to them, if the audience were not loud enough in their praise. Paulus Samosatenus in his pulpit would even break out into reproaches against his hearers, it they did not shake their handkerchiefs with sufficient zeal, which was one method of applauding. Such Acclamations were riot only honourable, but useful to those who spoke in public, when their memory failed, for on such occasions the people redoubled their Acclamations, to give them time to recover themselves.
The Acclamations wherewith the spectators honoured the victories of the Athletæ, were a natural consequence of the impetuous motions which attended the Gymnastic games. The tries and Acclamations of the people, sometimes expressing their companion and joy, sometimes their horror and disgust, are strongly painted by divers poets and orators. See Burette, Mem. 3. sur les Athletes in Mem. de Liter, de l'Acad. Roy. des Inscript. T. 1. p. 330. seq.
Acclamations made also a part of the ceremony of marriage. They were used for the omens sake; being the Læta omina, sometimes spoken of before marriage, in Roman writers. Acclamation, at first practised in the theatre, and parting thence to the senate, &c. was in process of time, received into the acts of councils, and the ordinary assemblies of the church. The people expressed their approbation of the preacher variously; the more usual forms were Orthodox! third Apostle, &c. V. Arnd. hex. Ant. Eccl. p. 272. Bing. Orig. Eccles. 1. 14. c. 4. Ferrar. de Rit. Sacrar. Condon. I. 2. c. 23. Id. de Acclamat. 1. 5. c. 1. seq.
These Acclamations being sometimes carried to excess, and often misplaced, were frequently prohibited by the antient dodlors, and at length abrogated; tho' they appear to have been in some use as low as the time of St. Bernard.
Acclamation is also applied among antiquaries to certain medals; whereon, the people are represented expressing their joy for some considerable favour.
In this sense, Acclamation is also used to denote the vows represented on medals, for the prosperity of the emperor and commonwealth.
Acclamation also denotes a method of election, practised in the academy of Arcadi. See Academy.
Acclamation, in this sense, is when the votes are not given in secret, as is practised on other occasions, but viva voce. Cardinals, princes, vice-roys, and embassadors are defied by Acclamation.
The members thus chosen, assume the title Arcade acclamato, a dignity somewhat superior to the rest. Giorn. de Letter, d'Ital. T. 14. p. 137. seq.
Acclamation, in rhetoric, is a figure of speech, thus called by the Latins, by the Greeks Epiphonema. Thomas, Erot. Rhet. c. 25. p. 55. Voss. Elem. Rhetor, c. 20. p. 39. See Epiphonema Cycl.
ACCOLADE, (Cycl.) — Antiquaries are not agreed, wherein the Accolade properly consisted.— The generality suppose it to be, the embrace, or kiss, which princes antiently gave the new knight, as a token of their affection Whence the word Accolade, q. d. a clasping, or taking round the necka. A very ingenious authorb will rather have it to be a blow on the chine of the neck, given on the same occasion. Fauchet, seems to reconcile the two opinions: he supposes it to be the kiss; but withal, imagines the kiss to be intended as a stroak on the cheek, En leur baillant sur lajoue.—The ceremony being only an imitation of that practised among the Romans, in the manumission of their slaves, where it is known a blow was givenc.— [a Skinner, Etymol. Voc. Antiq. in Voc.b Casneuv. Orig. Franc. c Colomb. Theat. d'Honneur. Aubert. ap. Richcl. in Voc.] See the article Manumission, Cycl.
The Accolade is of some antiquity, in which soever of the two senses it be taken—Greg, de Tours writes, that the kings of France, even of the first race, in conferring the gilt shoulder belt, killed the knights on the left cheek. For the Accoleé, or blow, John of Salisbury, assures us, it was in use among the antient Normans : by this it was that William the conqueror conferred the honour of knighthood on his son Henry.
At first, it was given with the naked fist; thus Lambertus Ardensis, describing the manner in which Baldric, count de Gaines, was created knight by Thomas a Becket, says, cidem comitt in signum militia gladium lateri et calario sui militis pedibus aptavit, & alapam colli ejus inflixit. But this was after- wards changed into a blow with the flat of a dword, on the shoulder of the knight.
Salmonet, and after him the continuators of Morery, mention an order in England, called knights of the Accolade; so called from the manner of their creation. The order here meant is that of knights batchclors, or equites aurati. But the name, if ever, is now no longer known among us
ACCOLEE' is fometimes used as synonimous with Accolade. See the article Accolade.
Accoleé is also used in heraldry in divers senses, when two things are joined together, as two sniekts divided at the flanks, they are said to be Accolé. Nisbet, Essay on Armories, c 5. p. 62.
Accoleé is also used in speaking of lions, dogs, and other animals, which have collars, or crowns about their necks; as the lion in the arms of the name of Ogilvy. English heralds ordinarily say, collared, or gorged with an open crown, instead of Accoleé.
Others use the term Accoleé, when two kews, battons, maces, swords, &c. are saltier wise, behind the shield. Nisbet, Essay on Armor, in Ind.
ACCOMMODATION, (Cycl.)-The primitive church accommodated multitudes of Jewish, and even heathen ceremonies and practices to christian purposes; but the Jews had before done the same by the Gentiles: some will even have circumcision, the tabernacle, brazen serpent, &c. to have been originally of Egyptian use, and only accommodated bv Moses to the purposes of Judaism. Saurin. Dissert. O. Test. T. 1. p. 506.
Spencer maintains, that most of the rites of the old law, were an imitation of those of the gentiles, and particularly of the Egyptians; that God, in order to divert the children of Israel from the worship they payed to the false deities, consecrated the greatest part of the ceremonies performed by those idolaters, and had formed out of them a body of the ceremonial law; that he had indeed made some alterations therein, as barriers against idolatry; and that he thus accommodated his worship to the genius and occasions of his antient people. To this condescension of God, according to Spencer, is owing the origin of the tabernacle in general, and particularly that of the ark. Saurin. I. c. Spencer de Legib. Hebr{[subst:ae}}or. Diss. 1. 1. 3. p. 32.
ACCOMPANYMENT, (Cycl.) in music, denotes the instruments which accompany a voice, to sustain it, as well as to make the music more full.
The Accompanyment is used in recitative, as well as in song; on the stage, as well as in the choir, &c. The antients had likewise their Accompanyments on the theatre; they had even different kinds of instruments to accompany the chorus, from those which accompanied the actors in the recitation. Bos. Reflex. Crit. sur la Poef. &c. §. 42. p. 442. Ex Diomed. de Art. Gram. I. 3.
The Accompanyment, among the moderns, is frequently a different part or melody, from the song it accompanies. It is disputed whether it was so among the antientsa. It is generally alledged, that their Accompanyments went no farther than the playing in octave, or in antiphony to the voice: the Abbe Fraguier, from a passage in Platob, pretends to prove, that they had actual sympuony, or music in parts. But the learned Abbe's arguments are far from being conclusive, as is shewn by the jesuit de Cerceauc, and by Monsieur Buretted. —[a Malc. Treat, of Mus. r. 14. Sect. 6. p. 588. seq. b De Legib. 1. 7. d Cerceau, Dissert. sur la Musique des Græcs. Mem. de Trev. 1725. p. 1780. seq. or Bibl. Franc. T. 7. p. 115. seq. c In Hist. Acad. R. Inser. T. 2. p. 100 seq.
ACCOMPLICE (Cycl.)— By the law of Scotland, the Accomplice can only be prosecuted after the conviction of the principal offender : Unless the accession of the Accomplice is immediate, in ipso actu, so as in effect to render them co-principal. Mackenz. and Bayne.
By the general rule, the Accomplice suffers the same punishment with the principal offender. Yet if he be remarkably less guilty, justice will not permit equal punishment. In the law of England, the word accessary is used for Accomplices in crimes.
It is disputed among the Roman canonists, in what cases it is allowed a confessor to discover the Accomplices revealed to him.
The council of Sens, and several other synodical statutes, expressly prohibit the revealing of Accomplices. Yet some writers Contend for a contrary practice. Vid. Act. Erud. Lips. 1710. p. 439. Fresn. Trait. du Secert. de Confess. c. 12. Mem. de Trev. 1711. p. 2092. Theor. & Pradt. des Sacrem. T. 2. c. 5. Mem.de Trev. 1714. p. 1435.
ACCOMPLISHMENT, (Cycl.)—is principally used in speak-of events foretold by the Jewish prophets, in the old testament, and fulfilled under the new.
We say a literal Accomplishment, a mystical or spiritual Accomplement, a single Accomplishment, a double Accomplishment, a Jewish Accomplishment, a christian, a heathen Accomplishment.
The same prophecy is sometimes accomplished in all, or several of those different ways; thus of some of the prophecies of the old testament, the Jews find a literal Accomplishment in theirown
