B E R
BER
piftil, which finally becomes a cylindric fruit, Toft, full of juice, and containing one or two feeds.
The fpecies of barberry, enumerated by Mr. Tcurnefort, are thefe :
i. The common barberry. 2. The barberry with no feeds in the fruit. And, 3. The Canada barberry, with very broad leaves. TournAnh. p. 614.
The propagation of this free is d'cfcribed under the article bar- lerry. See Barb err y.
The berberh is a fhrub, whofe berries, as well as bark, are of medicinal ufe ; known alfo by the name of oxyacantha Ga~ lent.
Its berry is red, and oblong, of an agreeable, cooling, aftrin- gent tafte, chiefly ufed in the way of conferve; where it quenches thirft, ftrengthens the ftomach, and is good againft diarrhoeas and dyfenteries. We alfo read of a fyrup, effential fait, and lozenges, made of the juice of the barberry. Junck. Confp- Therap. tab. 13. p. 368. Lemer. Did. des Drog. p. i2r. Burger. Lex. Med. p. 1543, feq. The bark, on the contrary, is opening and deterfive ; and, though rarely found in difpenfatory compofitions, is much ufed in common prefcriptions, as well as in medicated ales, againft the jaundice, and other diftempers from obftruclions and foul- neffes of the vifccra. S^uinc. Difp. P. 2, §. 4. n. 291. p. 130. See Barberry. BERCARIA., Berqueria, or Berkeria, in middle age writ- ers, denotes a {heep-fold, fheep-cote, fheep-pen, or other in- clofure, for the fafe-keeping a flock offheep. Kennet, Glofl! ad Paroch. Antiq. in voc. Du Cange, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 537. Spehn. Glofl". p. 79,
The word is abbreviated from berbicaria, of berbex, detortcd from vervex. Hence alfo a fhepherd was denominated berbi- carius, and berquarius. BERDIN, in natural hiftory, a name given to the patella, or limpet, in Normandy, and other places. In fome it is fpoke herl'm. See Patella. JBERENGARIANISM, a name given by ecclefiaftical writers to the opinion of thofe, who deny the truth and reality of the body and blood of Chrift in the eucharift. Sagittar. Introd. Hift. Ecclef. c. 31. §. 16.
The denomination took its rife from Bcrengarius, archdeacon and fcholiafticus of the church of St. Mary at Anjou about the year 1035, who maintained, that the bread and wine, even after confecration, do not become the true body and blood of our Lord, but only a figure and fign thereof. Tribbeeb. de Doctor. Scolaft. c. 1. p. 20. 33.
Berengarian'tfm was ftrenuoufly oppofed by Lanfranc, Guit- mond, Adelmannus, Albericus, &c. Divers fynods were held, wherein the author was condemned at Rome, Versailles, Flo- rence, Tours, &c. He retracted, and returned again more than once, figned three feveral catholic confeflions of faith ; the firft in' the fecond council of Rome ; the fecond in the third ; and the third in the fourth council of the fame city. But he ftill rclapfed to his former opinion when the ftorm was over; tho' Mabillon maintains he foon recovered from his fourth fall, and died an orthodox catholic In 1088. Hen. Muller, profeffor of Roftoc, has given the hiftory of berenga- rianifm. antient and modern, printed at Roftoc, 1 674. Schmid. Supp. ad Sagittar. §. 1. c. 31. p. 670.
Mabillon has a difiertation exprefs on the manifold condemna- tion of Berengarius, his retractions, relapfes, and repentance. Ext. ap. Veter. Analat. T- 2, p. 268, feq. & ap. Vogi. Bibl. Hift. Hseref, p. 99, feq. Le Long. Bibl. Hift. 1. 2. c. 5. art. 1. p. 74- BEREWICHA, orBEREWicA, in our old writers, denotes a village or hamlet belonging to fome town or manor, fituate at a diftance therefrom. Spelm. Gloffcp. 79. The word frequently occurs in doom fa 1 ay-book : IJlte funt lerewicbiz ejufdem manerii. BERFISCH, in ichthyology, a name given by the Germans to
the common pearch. ISERG-gruen, in natural hiftory, the name of an earth ufed in painting, and properly called green ochre, though not known among the colourmen under that name. It is found in many parts of Germany, Italy, and England, commonly in the neighbourhood of copper-mines, from particles of which me- tal it receives its colour. In many parts of Germany, they have a purer kind of this, diftinguifhed by no peculiar name, butfeparated by art from the waters draining from- the copper- mines, and differing no otherwife from this native fubftance, than as the wafhed ockres of Oxfordfhire, &c. do from thefe fentus in their natural condition. The characters by which the native kind is known from other green earths, are thefe : it is a denfe, compact fubftance, confiderably heavy, and of a pale, but not difagreeable green ; of a rough and uneven, but not dufty furface, and fomewhat unctuous to the touch. It adheres firmly to the tongue ; does not break eafdy between the fingers ; nor at all ftain the hands. It is of a brackifh dif- agreeable tafte, and does not ferment with acids. Hill, Hift. ofFoflils, p 65. BERGANDER, in zoology, a name by which fome have called the fbell-drake, or burrough-duck, a very beautiful fpecies of duck, common on the coafts of Lancaflure ; but not rn^ch
efteemed for eantig, called tadoma. /tlroiand. de Avib. Sec the article Tadoma.
BERIBERI, the name of a difeafe among the Indians, being a fpecies of palfy. SeePALSY.
BSRICARIA, Bercaria, or Berquarta, a fheep down, or ground whereon to feed fheep. Alfred,. Leg. c 9. Dugd. Monaft. T. 1. p. 308. Du Gauge, Gloff. Lat. T. 1. p. 536. See BeRcaria.
BERITH, a fimple mentioned in fcripture, ufed for clcanfing of taking out fpots. Jerem. c. 2; v. 22.
Critics are divided concerning the berith : fome will have it the kali, or fait wort, of whofe afhes foap is made ; whence, iri our veifion, it Is rendered by foap. Cahnet, Corrim. ad Jerem. Ioc.cit. Ejufd. Diet. Bibl. T. 1. p. 322. Others, after Rudbeck, make the berith to be the dye of the purple-fifh. Rudl.eck, in Act. Succ. T. i. p. 303 & 335. It. Mem. de Trev. Jan. 1734. p. 15 I.
Michaehs, Rudbeck, and Langius, have written exprefly ort the berith.
BERLIN, in natural hiftory, a name given to the patella, or limpet, in Normandy, and fome other places. Some alfo fpeak it berdin. See Patella.
BERLUCCIO, in zoology, the name of a fmallbird of the hor- tulanus kind, and much refembling the yellow-hammer', but fomething fmaller, and longer bodied. The tubercle on the beak is much fmaller than in the yelleiv-ha miner. Its throat and breaft are grey ; its belly cf a redifti brown ; its rump red- ifh ; and its head greyifh, with an admixture of brownifh black, and of greenifh. In the male, the rump is greenifh. It is common in Italy. Ray, Ornithol, p. 197.
BERMUDIANA, in botany, the name of" a genus of plants ; the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the liliace- ous kind, and is compofed of fix petals ; and its cup finally beT comes a fruit of the trigonal form, divided into three cells, and containing a number of roundifh feeds.
The fpecies of bermudianu, enumerated by Mr. Tournefort, are thefe :
1. Tha bcrm/diana with iris-leaves, and afibrofe root. 2. The bermud'wna with palm-like leaves, and a bulbous root. Thefe plants were, when firft known in Europe, improperly called JmrincUums. Town. Inft. p. 387.
BERNHARDIA, in botany, a name given by Houfton to a ge- nus of plants, charactered by Linnxus under the name of era- ton. See Croton.
BERNICLA, the barnacle, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of goofe, frequent on the coaft of Lancafhire in the winter-fea- fon, and of about half the bignefs of the common goofe. The beak is black, and much fhorter than in the common goofe. 1 he neck is all over black ; the breaft and belly of a greyifh white; and the lower feathers of the thighs black; and the back is motled with black and grey. SecBARNACLE,^-/. It has been fuppofed by many, that the barnacle and brent-goofe were the fame fpecies of bird, only the one the male, and the other the female. But this appears to' be by no means the cafe ;' and it is very improper to ufe the two words as fynonymous terms. There has been an old opinion, that thefe birds were produced out of fhells found on old trees lying in the fea ; and very grave authors, as Gerard, and the reft, have avouched the truth of it from their own eye-light ; but this is too idle and fabulous to need refutation. Ray, Ornithol. p 27?.
BERNICLE, in natural hiftory, the name of a fpecies of flicll- fifh, called by authors concha anatifcra. See Anatifera. This is compofed cf five fhells or valves, and agrees, accord- ing to Lifter, with the fholas, as well in the difpofition as in the number of thefe valves. There are two large ones : to each of thefe is affixed one fmaller ; and there is a fifth, which is a fingle, narrow valve, crooked, and very long, fo formed,' as to cover the fpace left between the four others, when they clofe, and wholly hide the joining. The fnape of the fhell is triangular, and flat ; and its colour is a mixture of whitifh red, and a bluifh tinge. It is radiated longitudinally. Its pedicle or trunk is formed like the probofcis of fome infects, and has feveral folds, by means of which it may be lengthened or con- tracted at pleafure by the animal. This is the organ by which the flfh takes in its nourifbment, and, by means of this, it affixes itfelf to any thing it pleafcs. This trunk is of a brown colour, and in fome degree tranfparent, and reprefents an in- teftine of fome animal, "it is hollow, and ufually filled with a mucous liquor of an infipld tafte. This trunk is compofed of two membranes ; one an external one, of a rough furface and cartilaginous texture ; this is what ferves to affix the animal to the bottoms of mips, or whatever elfe it adheres to ; and the other, or internal one, is very thin and fine. It is of a yel- lowifh red colour, and forms at the end a bag, which receives or covers the whole body of the flfh. When the body is open- ed, the nervous junctures, by means of which the large pieces" of the fhell are joined, and can open orfhut at pleafure, as in the bivalves, are eafily feen. The parts of generation are alio very obvious : they are fituated near the mouth. There arc fourteen arms, which iffue out of the fhell at pleafure ; and iQ the midft of thefe is the mouth : thefe are each divided into two, and are of a brown colour, and plumofe, or having a re- femblance of feathers. Lift. Hift. Nat. p. 360.
