BOR
BOS
- cavities of the greater ends of others, in order to make the
joint {hut each pair of poles together. The outer or concave part is called the female, and the other, or inner, the male part of the joint. In turning the male part, they make a channel
• or fmall groove in it, at a proper Pittance from the end ; and, in the female part, bore a fmall hole to fit over this channel ;
• they then bore through their poles, flicking up great nails at each end, to guide them right ; but they commonly bore a
• pole at both ends -, fo that if it be crooked one way, they can nevertbelefs bore it through, and not fpoil it Neve, Build. Diet, in voc. Alder.
Bor.ing, in farriery, an operation fometimes practifed for the cure of horfes whofe moulders are wrenched. The method is thus : they cut a hole through the fkin in the middle of the fhoulder, and, with the {hank of a tobacco-pipe, blow it as a butcher does a moulder of veal ; then they run a cold flat
■ iron, like a horfeman's fword-blade, eight or ten inches up, between the fhoulder-blade and the ribs, which they call bor- ing ; after that, they burn him round his moulder with a hot iron. Burd. Gent. Farr. p. 31.
Boring, in mineralogy, a method of piercing the earth by a fet of fcooping irons, made with joints fo as to be lengthened at pleafure. The skilful mineralift will often be able to guefs where a vein of ore may lie, though there are none of the common outward figns of it upon the furface of the earth ; end, in this cafe, he has recourle to boring, the fcooping irons are drawn back at proper times, and the famples of earth and mineral matter they bring up, are examined; and hence it is known whether it will be worth while or not to open a mine in the place. Shaw's Lectures, p. 242.
BORITH, in the holy fcriptures, an herb thought to be the kali or faltwort ; of the afhes of which fome make foap, and a very good lye to wafh linen withal. It is mentioned in Jeremiah
xi. 22.
BOROLYBICUS, the wind which blows in the middle between the north and weft points ; called alfo the north-weft wind, Wolf. Lex. Math. p. 267. Vital. Lex. Math. p. 88.
BOROUGH, or Borow (Cycl.) — The antient Saxons, accord- ing to Spelman, gave the name burgh to thofe called, in other countries, cities 3 . But divers canons being made for removing the epifcopal fees from villages and fmall towns to the chief cities, the name city became attributed to epifcopal towns, and that of borough retained to all the reft ; tho' thefe too had the appearance of cities, as being governed by their mayors, and
• having laws of their own making, and fending reprefentatives to parliament, and being fortified with a wall and caftle, and
" the like b . — [ a Term, de Ley, f. 39. b. Cow. Interpr. in voc. borow. h Spelm. Gloff. p. 93.] See City, Cycl.
Royal Boroughs, in Scotland, according to Chamberlayne, have the fole power of trade and merchandize, exclufive of all others, a power of holding courts, exercifing the jurifdiction of fherifFs, making by-Lws, &c. Prefent State of Brit. P. 2. 1. 2. p. 420, fcq. See Jurisdiction. The company of merchants in a royal borough make what is
' called a gild ; the chief of which is a dean of gild, who is next magiftrate to the bailiff. See Gild, Cycl.
• The royal boroughs are not only fo many diftinct corporations, but do alio con (lit ute one entire body, governed by, and ac- countable to one general court, antiently called the court of four boroughs-, held yearly to treat and determine concerning matters relating to the common advantage of all boroughs. The four boroughs which compofed this court were, Edinburgh, Stirling, Roxburgh, and Berwick ; which two laft falling into the hands of the Englifti, Linlithgow and Lanerk were put in their places ; with a faving to the former, whenever they mould return to their allegiance.
But this court not being fufficient to anfwer the neceffities of the royal boroughs, they were all empowered, under James III. in 14.87,10 fend commiflioners to a yearly convention of their own, which was then appointed to be held at Inverkeithing, and is now held at Edinburgh, under the denomination of the convention of boroughs, vefted with great power.
Borough Engli/h. — The reafon affigned by Littleton for the cuftom of Borough Englijh, is, that the youngeft (on is Ieaft able to fhift for himfelf ; and, in fupport of this, other ufages in favour of the youngeft are alleged, as that in Kent, where the lands being equally divided among all the Cons, the youngeft is to have the privilege of aftre or hearth in the manfion-houfe, in his {hare, as being fuppofed the tendereft, and more in need of warming Others, net withstanding, fufpect a different reafon for the rife of Borough Englijh, viz. the places where this cuftom now obtains, were antiently liable to that cuftom granted the lords of manors in Scotland by K. Eugenius, who had the privilege of enjoying the firft night of their tenants brides ; fo that the eldeft fori being prefumed to be the lord's, they ududly fettled their lands on the youngeft fon, whom they thought their own ; which being practifed a long time. grew at length into a cuftom.
Borough Englijh obtains only in fomc antient boroughs and co- pyhuid manors. Plott, Nat. Hift. Staftordfh. c. 8. §. 20. p 378;
BdKOM cn-holder, in antient law-writers, the head man or chief pledge of a tithing, chofen by the reft to fpeak and act in their
common behalf. Johnf. Eccl. Law, ann, 693. §. 6. Not. Spehn. Gloff. p. 86". voc. Borfoolder.
The word is formed from boroe-ealder, as being the feniorman of the borough or tithing.
Borough-holders are the fame with what are otherwife written, for/holders, burjholders, bofliolders, borow-holders, borghealders, burghcfaldi, and borgefahlrii j of later days, borough-heads, and head-boroughs. Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. r. p. 591. voc. Borghcaldcr. Cow. Interpr. voc. Borough-holder. Item, voc. Borough-head. Skin. Etym. voc. Berjholder, Spclm. 1. c. See Headborow, Cycl. Borough, or Borgh, denotes a pledge of fecurlty for another's keeping the peace, and conforming to the laws. Skat, de Verb. Sign if. p. 22, fcq. . SMnn. Etym. For in voc. The word is Saxon, and is fometimes alfo written borough ; in Latin writers, borgha and burgha. Du Cange, Glofl" Lat. T. 1. p. 59,0. voc. Borgha. RoRGH-brcach, Borgi frailura, in antient law-writers, denotes a breaking of the pledge or fecurity given by the members of tithings for the behaviour of each other. Du Cange, Glofl". Lat. T. 1. p. 591. Skinn. Etym. in voc. This is the fame with what is otherwife called borg-brcge, borgh- brege, burg breche, and borghlfraclura. Ztftu-BoRouGHS, or Borrows, in the law of Scotland, the fame with what in England is called binding to the peace. Sec the article Peace, Cycl.
In cafe of a contravention of law-borrows, the furety or cau- tioner is equally liable with the principal for the penalty fpeci- fied therein j the one half to the king, and the other to the complainer. V. Mackcnz. Inftit. Law of Scotl. 1. 4. tit. 1. BOROW-/jjfa, the holes wherein the female rabbits depofitc their young, in the remoteft corner thereof they can find, to prevent the males from eating them. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 4. p. 970. voc. Rabouilliere. BORRAGE, Borago, in botany. See Borago. BORRELISTS, a feet or fort of anabaptifts in Holland, who allow of no ufe of facraments, public prayers, or other ex- ternal worfbip, nor of any human glofs or explication of fcrip- ture; but profefs to adhere to the faith and Manners of the New Teftament times in all their ftmplicity. See Anabap- tist, Cycl. and Suppl.
They took their denomination from their founder, Barrel, a perfon of great learning in the Hebrew, Greek and Latin tongues, and brother of M. Borrel, ambaffador of the States to the French king.
The BorreUJls reject all churches and communions, as holding them all to have fwerved from the pure doctrine of the apof- tles, and to have fuffered themfelves to be guided by their doc- tors and teachers, who have fubftituted their own fyftems, con- feflions, catechifms, fermons, and the like, for the true word of God. In other refpects, the life and manners of the Bor- relijls are fevere and irreproachable; the greater part of their fubftance is expended in alms. Vid. Corn. Diet, des Arts, T. I. p. 124. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1127. BORROWING, the act of receiving a thing to enjoy the ufe of
it, on condition of returning it. BORSELLA, in the glafs-works, an inftrument wherewith they extend or contract the glafles at pleafure; alfo fmoothen and levigate them. Merret, Append, to Neri 9 p. 437. ap. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. no. BORYSCHITES, in natural hiftory, the name of a ftone men- tioned by Pliny and other antient writers, and faid to have been greatly efteemed for its virtue and its beauty. It was of a black colour, and was beautifully variegated with ramifications, in the manner of the Dendritae or Mocoa ftones ; but thefe figures were partly in white, partly in a blood red. We know no ftone at prefent that anfwers to this remarkable description. BOS, the ox, in the Linncean fyftem of zoology, makes a dif- tinct genus of animals of the order of the pecora ; the charac- ters of which are, that the horns are hollow and turned for- ward, bent like crefcents ; and not fcabrous, but fmooth and even on their furface. Of this genus, befides the common fpecies kept with us, there are four naturally wild ones, which are the urns, bifon, bubalm, and Bonafus ; all which fee un- der their feveral heads. Lhinai Syftem. Nat. p. 43. Bos Jlfricanus, the African ox, in natural hiftory, the name of a fmall wild bull, common in that part of the world, and fup- pofed to be the true bubalus of the antients. At its utmoft growth it is fmaller than the common deer, but fomething lar- ger than the goat, and of a itouter make and thicker body ; his hair is of a lion tawny colour, and is very bright and gloffy ; his horns are bent into a half-moon. Bellon. Obf. 1. 2. c. 50. Bos Camelita. SeeCAMELiTA Bos.
Bos Marinus, in ichthyology, a name given by the old authors, both Greek and Latin, Ariftotle, Elian, Fliny, Ovid, and the reft, to that fpecies of the ray filh, which has ftnee been called rata oxyrynchus by writers. Artedi has accurately diftinguifn- ed this fpecies by the name of the variegated ray, with ten tu- bercles, armed with prickles, and placed on the middle of the back. See the article Raia. Bos, E«-:, in antiquity, was peculiarly ufed for an antient Greek filvercoin,which was didrachmus,or equivalent to two drachms. 3 Pollux.
