C A L
C A L
Besides the diverfity of colour, there were fomc alfo which had figures or characters painted or graven on them, as thofe Which were hi ufe in taking the fuffrages both in the fenate and at affemblies of the people.
The calculi were made of thin wood, polifhed and covered over with wax of the fame colour : this we learn from Cicero, ceratam unicuique tabellam dari cerd legitime}. Their form is Mill hen in tome medals of the Caffian family; and the man- ner of calling them into the urns, in the medals of the Lici- hian family. Cic. de Divin. c. 7.
'I he letters marked upon thefe calculi were U. R, for uti rogas, and A for antique ; the firit of which expreffed an approbation of the law, the latter a rejection of it.
Afterwards the judges, who fat in capital caufes, ufed calculi marked with the letter A, for abfilvo, C for condemno, and N. L, for non liquet ; fignifying a more full information was required. Hift. Acad. Infer, ubi fupra. We may alfo mention another fpecies of calculi ufed at the public games, whereby the rank and order in which the athle- ta; were to fight was determined. If for inftance they were twenty, then twenty of thefe pieces were cad: into an urn ; each ten were marked with numbers from one to ten, and the law was, that each of thofe who drew, fhould fight him who had drawn the fame number.
Thefe were called calculi alhlttici. Mahudel. in Hill. Acad. Infer. T. 3. p. 394, feq.
Calculus Minerva, among the anticnt lawyers, denoted the decifion of a caufe, wherein the judges were equally divided. The expreffion is taken from the hiftory of Orefles, as repre- fentedby iEfchylus and Euripides ; at whofe trial, before the Areopagites for the murder of his mother, the votes being equally divided for and againft him, Minerva interpofed and gave the calling vote, or calculus, in his behalf. Hofm. Lex. Univ. Hill. T. 3; p. 470. Bibl. Germ. T. 28. p. 161. M. Cramer, profeflbr at Marpurg, has a difcourfe exprefs, de calculi tninerves ; wherein he maintains, that all the effect an entire equality of voices can have, is to leave the caufe in Jtatu quo.
Calculi tiburtini, a fort of figured frones, formed in great plenty about the cataracts of the Anio, and other rivers in Italy ; of a white colour, and in fhape oblong, round, or
, .echinated. They are a fpecies of the ftirije lapideae, and ge- nerated like them; and fo like fugar-plumbs in the whole, that 'tis a common jeft at Rome to deceive the unexperienced, by ferving them up at deferts. Mercat. Metalloth. Arm. 9. c. 20. p. 254.
Calculus is alfo ufed in antient grammatic writers for a kind of weight equal to two grains of cicer. Some make it equi- valent to the filiqua, which is equal to three grains of barley. Two calculi made the ceratium. Fab. Thef. p. 412.
CALDA, or Caldum, in the antient diet, denotes hot water, ufed much among the Romans, antiently, as a drink, partly for pleafure, and partly for health.
The word is form'd for calidus, hot ; aqua being underftood ; calda, q. d. call da aqua.
Lipfius, Caftalio, Mercurialis, Baccius, and Freinfhemius, have treated largely de potu calda-, or ca/di. Afl. Erud. Lipf. 1721. p. 354, feq.
CALDARIA Jndiciaria, the method of trial, or purgation by boiling water. See Purgation and Ordeal, Cycl.
CALDARIUM, in the antient baths, denoted a brazen veffel or ciftern, placed in the hypocauftum full of hot water, to be drawn thence into the pifcina or bath, to give it the ne- ceflary degree of heat. See Bath, Cycl. and Suppl. In this fenfe, the caldarium flood contradiflinguifhed from the tepidarium and frigidarium, Vitruv. de Archit. 1. 5. c. 10. Philof. Tranf N° 306. p. 2132.
Caldarium alfo denoted the ftove, or fudatory, being a clofe vaulted room, wherein by hot dry fumes, without water, people were brought to a profufe fweat. In which fenfe, caldarium was the fame with what was other- wife denominated vaporarium, fuclatorium, and laconium ; in the Greek baths, bypocaujlum, tmoutvset. Dempfl. Parallio. ad Rofin. 1. 1. c. 14. p. 82. Mercurial. Gymnafr. 1. 1. c'. 10. Pitijc. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 326.
Caldarium Ms, denotes pot-metal. Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 34. c. 8. See ToT-mctal.
CALDRON, a large kitchen utenfil, commonly made of cop- per ; having a moveable iron handle, whereby to bang it on the chimney hook.
The word is form'd from the French chaudron, or rather the Latin caldarium, of caldus, or ca'idus, hot. Saiiar. Diet. Comm. T. 1. p. 704. Trev. Dift. Univ. T. 1. p. 1702. voc. Chaudron.
Boiling in C'LDRONS, calilariis decoquere, is a capital punifhment fpoken of in middle age writers, decreed to diverfe forts of criminals, but chiefly to debafers of the coin. Du Came Gloff Lat T. 1. p. 682. *
One of the torments infliaed on the antient Chriflian mar- tyrs, was boiling in chaldrons of water, oil, tic. Schoeti Lex. Ant. p. 2 ; 1 .
CALENDAR (Cycl J-The word calendar is alfo written Calen- dar, kakndarmm, being form'd from the word ialenda ; an- tiently written in capital letters at the head of each month.
Ca'endar amounts to much the fame with what is otherwife called almanac, and by the eXom-Amfajli. See Almanac, Cycl. and Suppl.
The days in calendars were originally divided into octoades or eights, but afterwards, in imitation of the Jews, into heb- domades, or fevens ; which cuflom, Scaliger obierves, was not introduced among the Rom.ns till after the time of Theo- doftus. Seal, de Emend. Temp. I. 4. Fab. Thef. p. 417. I here are divers calendars, according to the different forms of the year, and dillributions of time, eftablifhed in different countries. Hence the Roman, the Jewifl], the Perium, the Juiian, the Gregorian, &c. calendars.
The antient Roman calendar is given by Ricciolus ', Struvi- us b , Danet c , and others ; by which we fee the order and number of the Roman holv days, and work d vs. How it flood according to the defcriptions of Ovid, Columella, and Pliny, is alfo fhewn by Petavius - 1 in his uranologium, where- in are reprefented the rifings and fettings of the principal flars, and alterations of the weather. How it flood in the time of Conflantine the great, anno Chrijli 325, is alfo fhewn by the fame Petavius '. Blonde], Clavius, and Gaffendi, have writ- ten exprefly on the Roman calendar '.—['■ Chronol. Reform. !■ 1. c. 22. p. 49, feq. b Synt. Antiq. Rom. c. 8. p. 3<;2, feq. ' Dift. Ant. Rom in voc. d De Do3r. Temp. Ed. Ult. Batav. an. 1702. P. 3. p. 6c, feq. ■ Lib. cit. p. 67, feq. ' Trev. Dift. Univ.'T. I. p. 1348]
From the time of the council of Nice, held in 327, to the year 1582, the Julian Roman calendar obtained through chri- ftendom, only with the addition of the dominical letter, gol- den number, and cycle of the fun ; on which the time of°ce- lebrating Eafler depends. To which have been finec added, the Chriflian feaffs, both moveable and immoveable, and the names of the faints commemorated in the Romifh church on each day of the month. Regio Montanus firft began to in - fert the courfe of the fun, moon, and planets, with agrono- mical prediaions of the weather. Wolf. Lex. Math. p. 394. 7 he Gregorian calendar is largely explained by Clavius, and defended againft the obfervations of Mieftlinus, Jof. Scal-urer Georg. Germanus, and Franc. Vieta.
The three Chriflian calendars are given by Wolfius in his ele- ments of chronology.
The Jewifh calendar was fixed by Rabbi Hillel, about the year 360, from which time the days of their year may be re- duced to thofe of the Julian calendar, which before, by reafon of the uncertainty of the commencements of their months and years, and of the quantity of their intercalations, they could not be. Concerning the Jewifh calendar, fee Wolf, Elem. Chron. where he alfo fhews how to reduce, or accommodate the Turkifh calendar. See alfo Prid. Connedt. T. I . pref. p. 1 3. Item, 1. 3. p. 264.
Calendar, Kalcndarium, originally denoted amon** the Ro- mans, a book containing an account of monies at interefl, which became due on the calends of January ; the ufual time when the Roman ufurers let out their money. Seruc. de Be- nef. 1. 7. c. 10. Item, I. i.e. 2. Ejufd. Epift. 14. Item, Ep. 87. Fab. Thef. p. 413.
Calendar is alfo applied to divers other compofitions reject- ing the twelve months of the year.
In this fenfe Spencer has given the fhepherds calendar ; Evelyn, the gardners calendar, &c.
Calendar is alfo extended to an orderly table, or enumera- tion of perfons or things.
L d . Bacon wifhes for a calendar of doubts a . A late writer has given a calendar of the perfons who may inherit eftates in fee fimple b .— [" Bac. de Augm. Scient. 1 3. c. 4. Opp. T. 1. p. 106. b Lond. 1736, 8".
Calendar Glafs, vitram calendare, a name formerly given by fome writers to a thermometer, or graduated tube, whereby to meafure the degrees of heat. Bac. Nov. Organ 1. 2. Opp. T. 1. p 3:0. Item, p. 325. See Thermometer, Heat, 13c. Cycl. and Suppl.
Calendar Brothers, fratres cakndarii, a fort of devout Fra- ternities, compofed of ecclefiaftics as.well as lay-men ; whofe chief bufinefs was to procure maffes to be faid, and alms di- flributed, for the fouls of fuch members as v/ere deceafed. 1 hey alfo made laws and regulations for church difcipline within their feveral diflrias ; which became of force by beinw confirmed by abbots or other prelates. They received legacies and donations of money, lands, &c. out of which they de- frayed the charge of obits, wax-candles, and the like ; what remained was fpent in a collation in memery of the dead: Schoet. Ant. Lex. p. 252.
They were alfo denominated calend brothers, by reafon they ufually met on the calends of each month, though in fome places only once a quarter.
AJlronotnical Calendar, an inftrument engraved upon copper- plates, printed on paper, and palled on board, with a brafs- flider which carries a hair, and fhews by infpection, the fun's meridian altitude, right afcenfion, declination, riling, fettine, amplitude, He. to a greater exaanefs than our common globes will fhew, Harris, Lex. in voc. A/lronemical
CALENDARIUM Feflum. The Chriftians retained much of the ceremony and wantonnefs of the Calends of January, which for many ages was held a feaft, and celebrated by the cjergy with
great
