C A L
CALLYONYMUS, in zoology See Callioxymus.
CALM, in the lea language, that ftate of the air and water when there is no wind ftirring.
They fay a flat calm, a dead or ftark calm. A calm is more terrible to a fea-farinw-man than a fronn, if he have a ftrong fhip and fea-room enough a ; for under the line exceffive heat fometimes produces fuch dead calms that mips are obliged to ftay two or three months without being able to ftir one way or other b . — [ a Manwar. Sea Diet. p. 18. Aubin, Diet. Mar. p. 149. * Jour, des Scav. T. 5. p. 192.] Two oppofite winds will fometimes make a calm. This is frequently obferved in the gulf of Mexico, at no great di- ftance from the fhore, where fome guff, or land-wind will lb poife the general eafterly wind, as to produce a perfect: calm. Phil. Tranf. N° 36. p. 707.
Calms are never fo great on the ocean as on the Mediterra- nean, by reafon the flux and reflux of- the former keep the water in a continual agitation, even when there is no wind ; whereas there being no tides in the latter, the calm is fome- times fo dead, that the face of the water is as clear as a lcok- ing-,glafs ; but fuch calms are almoft conftant prefages of an approaching ftorm a . On the coafts about Smyrna, a long calm is reputed a prognoftic of an earthquake b . — [ a Savar. Diet. Comm. Supp. p. 109. b Mem. des Miff. T. I. p. 44.] Calms are faid to reign perpetually on the tops of very high mountains ; whence the antient tradition concerning mount Olympus, that the afhes of the annual facrifice performed there, remained on the altar the whole year without the leaft atom being blown away, or difturbed by wind. The jefuit Cafati has a treatife entitled, The ajhes of mount Olympus blown away ; wherein he mews this to be a vulgar error. Le Cine- xi dell Oiimpo ventilate. Parm, 1677. Mem. deTrev. 1708. p. 1457.
When a fhip is clofe under the lee of another, the windward veffel is faid to becalm the leeward. — A fhip is alfo faid to be becalmed when near the land, which keeps the wind from it. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 3. in voc. Manwar. Sea Diet. p. 1 8, feq.
It is not uncommon for the veffels to be cahned, or becalmed, as the failors exprefs it, in the road of the conftant levantine winds, in places where they ride near the land. Thus be- tween the two capes of Cartooche toward the main, and cape Antonio in Cuba, the fea is narrow, and there is often a calm produced by fome guft of a land-wind, that poifes the levantine wind, and renders the whole perfectly ftill for two or three days.
In this cafe, the current that runs here is of ufe to the vefTels ; if it fet right j when it fets eafterly, a fhip will have a paffage in three or four days to the Havannah ; but if otherwife, it is often a fortnight or three weeks fail; the fhip being embayed in the gulf of Mexico.
When the weather is perfectly calm, no wind at all ftirrine, they try which way the current fete, by means of a boat which they fend out, and which will ride at anchor, though there is no bottom to be found, as regularly and weil as if fattened by the ftrongeft anchor to the bottom. The method is this : They row the boat to a little diftance from the fhip, and then throw over their plummet, which is about forty pounds weight; they let this fink to about two hundred fathom ; and then, though it never reaches the bottom, the boat will turn head agatnft the current, and ride as firmly as can be. Phil. Tranf.
N' 3 6.
CALOGERIjorCAtoYERSjfC^'f/.Jare the Greek monaftics, and
differ from the papas, Uavru^ which are the fecular priefts. Out of the body of the caloyers come all the prelates of the Greek church ; the papas being incapable of any dignity above that of archprieft, «rfafi«ra#«j.
Though the denomination be taken from their age, there are many of them in the prime of youth. Tournefortaffures us, that in many convents they admit religious at 10 or 12 years of age. For the females, he adds, they are raoft of them only a more moderate fort of Magdalens, who, as they grow old, make a vow to practife thofe virtues they had much ne- glected in their youth ; and retire into convents to lead a life fomewhat lefs fcandalous than before, under the eyes of a fu- perior or hegumeniffa, who is far from being too fevere. The caloyers, in fome places, are divided into coenobites, ana- ehorites, and afcetics, or hermits; the life of which laft is the mod fevere and reclufe.
The fimple caloyers are not qualified to fay mafs ; if they be ordained priefts, theycommencehieromonachi, orholy monks; in which quality they may celebrate mafs on the folemn fe- ftivals, but for the ordinary fervice there are papas retained in all the convents. Vid. Suic. Thef. T. 2. p. 26. KoTwy^. Du Gauge* GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p, 688. Montfauc. Palffiogr. Graec. p. 434. Tournef. Voyag. du Levant. T. J. Lett. 3. p. 40— 43- CALOMEL (Cycl.) is the panchymagogum of Qtiercetanus. It is an effectual purge, and given not only to adults, but even to children to carry oft the flimy humors from whence the Worms arife 3 . Calomel rubbed with fulphur of antimony, is alfo found a powerful alterant b . — [ a £>uinc. Pharmac. P. 2. Sed. 1%. p. 265. b Med.-Eff. Edinb. T. 1. p. 47.] See Plu mmer's Mthiops* Suppl. Vol. I.
C A L
CALONDRONIUS, a name giveri by the writers of the rhiddJd ages to a ftone of which they have left us no defcription, b'it only a wide account of its great virtues, in giving chearfulriefa to the perfon who wears it, and preventing the power of ma- gic and enchantments. CALOPHYLLUMj irt botany, the name given by Linnxus to a genus of plants called by Plumier calaba, the charters of which are thefe : The cup is coloured and deciduous, and confiits of one leaf divided into four acute fegments ; the flower confifh of four round ifli hollowed and expanded petals ; the ftamina are numerous capillary filaments, fhorter than the flower ; the anthers are roundifh ; the germen of the pifri] is roundifh ; the ftyle is fimple, and of the length of the fta- mina ; the ftigma is headed ; the fruit is a large globofe uni- locular drupa ; and tiie feed is a large pointed nut, of a roun- difh figure. LinnmGzn. Plant, p. 234. Plumier, Gen, 8. Hort. Malabar, v. 4. p. 38. CAIJTHA, Marygctd, in botany. See Marygdid. CALTROP (Cycl) — The. word is formed from calvatrapa, ufed in middle age writers for a fort of thiftle, called alfo car'duus Jiellatus, in Englifh caltrope, to which this inftrument bears fome refemblance.
The caltrop is the fame with what is otherwife called crows* foot, by the Latins murex a , the Greeks T^fa^ i>, and the French chauffe trap.' — [ a Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. 2. p. 238. b Calv. Lex. Jur. p. 916. voc. Tribuli. « Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1. p. 1707. voc. Chauffe trape.] Caltrop, in botany, fee Tribulus*
CALUEGIA, in natural hiftory, a name by which fome au- thors have called the gatdngah, an aromatic root ufed in phy- fic. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. See Galangala. CALV ARIA, orCALVA, terms ufed by anatomifts to denote the whole cranium or fcull.
In which fenfe, they include the whole bony and hairy part of the head.
The externa! parts of the calva are the fynciput, occiput, ver- tex, and temples ; all invefted with hair, and the common in- teguments of the body.
The calvarla in adults confifts of eight bones, one of the forehead, another of the occiput, two of the fynciput, two of the temples, and two others common alfo to the upper jaw, viz. the cuneiforme and fpongiofum. Barthol. Anat. 1. 3. inPro^m. Item, 1. 4. c. 4. Cajl. Lex. Med. p. 126. CALVINISMS, a religious feet of Proteftants diftinguifhed by their adherence to the principles of calvmifm. See Calvi- nism, Cycl.
Calvinijl is a name of reproach, which thofe to whom it. is given generally reject, and aflume fome other taken not from the name of any man, but from the quality or character or" their doctrine ; they therefore call themfelves the reformed, a title which not only the Roman catholics, but the lu- therans conteft them. The latter pretend that it belongs more properly to themfelves, as being the firft who began the re- formation. Among catholics, the calvinijls are called the pre- tended reformed. In England they go by the name of puri- tans and prefbyterians. Vid. Radrauf, Protheor.- Theol. P. 1. Sect. 1.
The calvinijls differ from the lutherans in what relates to the, ubiquity of Chrift's body, and the prefence of Chrift in the eucharifl ; but chiefly in the doctrine of prcdefti nation and grace, which makes the greatj&MBfiW difcordia between the two religions. Vid. Baft. Ouvr. des Scav. Mars 3 1697. P- 3 co J feq.
Though 'tis faid Luther himfelf was, in this matter, of the opinion of Calvin ; and that his fucceffors have herein de- parted from their leader. See Luther anism, Cycl. The calvini/is readily admit the lutherans to their communion-, and demand to be admitted to the communion of the luthe- rans \ But 'tis generally refufed them, chiefly on account of their doctrine of abfolute predeftination and particular grace j which, according to the lutherans, abfolutely overturn the whole ceconomy of the Chrift ian religion b . — £ a Vid. Turret, Nubes Tefiium, in Pref. Eibl, Germ. T. 10. p. 176. Jour* Liter. T. 11. p. 277, feq. b Vid. Pvjfend. Jus Feudale Divin. ap. Ouvr. des Scav. Mars, 1697. p. 303.] The calvinijls differ from the zuinglians in what relates to the eucharift ; the former only allowing a figurative prefence, the; latter a real, though fpiritua! prefence. Though M, de Brtieya afierts, that the modern cahinijls have in this point abandoned the fentiment of Calvin and their pred,ecefibrs, and are be- come thorough zuinglians. Braeys, Entret. Pacif. 1, Bibl. Univ. T. 3. p. 510* feq. and Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 14, p> 1255. See Zuinglians, Cycl.
The calvinijls agree with the janfenifts and thomifts in the ar- ticles of grace and predeftination, at leaft the modern cal- vinijls; who, according to M, Germain, have herein depart- ed from the doctrine of their founder. Germ. Tradit. de 1'Eglif, Rom. fur la Grace. T. 3; Nouv. Rep. Lett. T. 17. P- 35 1-
Some indeed make a diftindtion between the followers of Cal- vin and thofe of Janfenius, and St. Thomas; in that the for- mer affert neceflitating or irrcfiftable grace, the latter only efficacious grace. According to the former we are made to do good or evil, whether wc will or noj according to the 6 D * latter.
