CAM
In this fenfe the lapidaries of Paris are called in their features, cutters ofcatnayeux. Sa-var. Diet. Comm. T. i. p. 532. A focicty of learned men at Florence have undertaken to pro- cure all the cameos or camayeux,ani intaglio's in the great duke's gallery to be engraven: they have already begun to draw the heads of divers emperors in cameo's. New Mem. of Liter. T.3. Art. 3z. p. 235.
CAMALDULIANS (Cycl.) are alfo called camaldolites, carnal- dulites, and camaldultnjes.
Their habit is white, occafioned by the vifion of a ladder, to Et. Romuald, on which white monks were feen to afcend to heaven. They have no common dormitory nor refectory, their cells being in feparate houfes j they only eat together twelve times in the year, nor do they meet at divine offices except en fundays and holydays. Gedd. View of Monks, p. 9. Mifc. Traa. T. j.
Guido Grandi mathematician of the great duke of Tufcany, and a monk of this order, has publifhed camaldulian dinerta- tions, on the origin and eftablifhment of it. DifTertationes Ca- malduknfes, Luc. 1707, 4 . An extract of it is given in Act. Erud. Lipf. 1709. p. 49. feq.
CAMARA, a name given by Plumier to an American fpecics of lantana. See Lantana.
CAMAROSIS* Ka^wpwo-i;, among phyficians, denotes a fracture of a bone, wherein the two broken ends rife and forrh a kind of camera, or arch. "Junck. Confp. Chir. Tab. 53. p. 340. Gorr. Dcfin. p. 206. Caft. Lex. Med. p. 127. See Fracture. This is alfo called camaroma, and by modern latin writers came- ratio, fometimes fornicatio. — It is commonly restrained to fractures of thefcull.
CAMBERED-*/^, in fhip-building, is ufed for one that lies compafiing, and is by no means proper for a man of war.
CAMBLET (Cycl.) — The true or oriental camblet is made of the pure hair of a fort of goat, frequent about Angora, and which makes the riches of that city, all the inhabitants whereof are employed in the manufacture and commerce of camblets. Tour- nef. Voy. du Levant. T. 2. Lett. 2 r. p. 185,
- Tis certain we find mention in middle age writers of fluffs
made of camel's hair, under the denominations of cameletum and camelinum j but thefe are reprefented as irrangely coarfe, rough, and prickly, and feem to have been chiefly ufed among the monks by way of mortification, as the hair fhirt of later times. Dk Cangt, Glofl" Lat. T. 1. p. 6gg. We have no camhhts made in Europe of the goats hair alone ; even at Bruflels, they find it neceffary to add a mixture of woollen thread. Savar. Diet. Comm. T„ 1. p. 535, feq.
CAMBNITES lapis, a name given by the writers of the middle ages to a ftone of which they record virtues which appear to favour too much of imaginary ones, fuch as the curing the dropfy by being worn tied to the arm : it feems to have been only a cloudy and lefs valuable kind of brown cryftal.
CAMEL, camalus, in the Linnsean fyftem of zoology. This is a diftinct genus of animals ; the great characters of which is, the want of horns, which all the other genus's of the pecora have. The animals of this genus are the camel, the dromedary, the bactrianus, and the glama. Linn&i Syftema Natune, p. 41, The characters Mr. Ray has given us of this creature are : that it is one of the unguiculated quadrupeds, chewing the cud, having bifid feet, without horns, and without the foreteeth of the' upper jaw, but as all other ruminating beafts, and having four ventricles.
There are four fpeciesof camels. 1. The camel, with one bunch on its back, called the dromedary . 2. The Badtrian ca- ?nel, with two bunches. 3. The Peruvian camel called glama, and by feme claphocamehs. And 4. Thepacos, ufually called the Indian or Peruvian fheep. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 143; The dromedary is principally ufed for riding on, the Badtrian camel, or that with two bunches on its back for travelling with loads. See Dromedary, &c.
The camel is a domclKc beaft of burden, of a gentle difpofi- tion, much ufed for carriage in divers parts of Afia ; and making the chief riches of the Arabs.
The word is formed from the Greek Ka^nXoc, which fignifies the fame ; and according to Nicod, from the Hebrew gamal ; but according to others from Kau.^v.-v, on account of the bunch on his back. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. 1, p. 1607. voc. Cbameati.
In Perfia they only diftinguifh two forts of camels, viz. the fouthern, which are fmaller, and not fit to carry above 700 weight ; and the northern, which are bigger, and able to carrv 12 or 1300 weight.
The name camel, among us, is vulgarly reftrained to that fort which has but one bunch on the back} the appellation dro- medary being given to thofe which have two. In this we fol- low the example of Solinus % contrary to Pliny b , Ariftotle, and the generality of antient naturahfts, who diftinguifh two forts of camels ; one of which retains the name of the genus, and has two bunches ; chiefly found in the eaftern parts of Afia ; whence it is alfo called batlrianus. The others, which are fmaller and fitter for the courfe, are hence called 2go- {*.*$.<;, dromedaries having but one bunch, and chiefly found in the weftern parts of Afia, v'tx. Syria and Arabia c . — [ a So- lin. Polybift. c. 49. p. 76. > Vid. Plin, Hift. Nat. 1. 8, c. j 8.
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' Sabiaf. Exerc. ad Solin, p. 309 & 987. Mem. Nat. Hift. Anim. p. 27. J
The bunch on the camel's back is ufually faid to be a callous fort of Hem. The academifts of Paris found it mere hair- and that when this was preflid clofe down, the creature ap- peared no more bunch-back'd than a fwine. Pliny affirms, that the camel can endure four days without drink " ; whence Perfius gives it the appellation Sitieni. Telle recens primus pipere filicnte camcIo>>. — [' Plin. Hilt. Nat 1 8 c. 18. Fab. Thef. p. 426. b Per/. Sat. 5. v. 1 ,6] Tavernier allures us, on his own knowledge, tliat it will en- dure nine days without drink; and even in the couplino- fea- fon, forty days without either drink or meat '. In order to this, the camel is faid to have a great number of refervoirs in his ftomach, wherein he lays up water for future occafions This is contradiaed by the jefuits, who, diilefling many ca- mels in China, found no fuch thing. Yet it is confirmed by the royal academifts, who, in the fecond ventricle of a dro- medary dilMed by them, found feveral fquare holes, which were the orifices of about twenty cavities, made like facks placed between the two membranes, which compofe the fub- ftance of the ventricle <>.— [* Tavern. Voy. T. 1. p. i I7 Harclouin, Not. ad Plin. 1. 8. c. 18. » Mem. for Nat. Hift! Anim. p. 39, feq.]
'Tis even pretended, that travellers in the laft extremity of thirft, open their camels for a fupply of water. But this is doubtlefs a fabie. Mem. Acad. Scienc An. 1693. p. 316. The Arabs, Perlians, and other oriental nations, eat the flelh of camels ; which is a delicacy ferved up at the beft tables Phil. Tranf. N° 218. p. 156, feq. Plin. Hift. Nat 1 it c. 41. Men. 1. 4. Ariftot. Hift. Anim. 1. 6 c'26. Hen- dot, in Clio. Calmet. Difl. Eibl. T. 1. p. 350. Camel's milk is faid to be fovercign againft the dropfy for which purpofe the Arabs drink a pint per day for three weeks Native fal armoniac is commonly fuppofed to be the urine of camels. See Armoniac.
Camels caft then- hair in the fpring, which is gathered up with great care, on account of the traffic thereof, which is very confideraUe. When left bare of hair, they pitch them over to defend them from the flies.
They fpin the camel's hair and weave it into fluffs : it is fome- times alfo ufed with other hairs in making of hats. The beft hair is that from the camel's back. Savar. Kit. Comm. T. 1. p. 631. voc. Chameait.
Ca?nels are the chief vehicles in caravans. See Caravan. Cycl. and Suppl.
They are very apt to Aide ; for which reafon, in paffing ffippery ways, their leaders ftrew carpets under them, fonietimes to the number of 1 00 one before another. As foon as a camel is brought forth, they tie his four feet urn* der his belly, put a carpet over his back and ftand on the bor- ders of it that he may not be able to rife for twenty days. Thus is he taught the habit of bending his knees to reft him- felf, or when he is to be loaded or unloaded. They drefs him with a fwitch inftead of a curry comb ; with this they beat him as they would do a carpet to clear it of the duff. Calm. Dia. Bibl. T. 1. p. 351.
The camel that carries Mahomet's ftandard, which the ca- ravan of pilgrims offer yearly on the tomb of their prophet is exempted the reft of its life from all fervice. 'Tis even pretended that this happy beaft will rife again at the general refurreaion, and enjoy the pleafures of paradife. Trev° Dia. Univ. T. 1. p. 1607.
On medals, the camel is the fymbol of Arabia, when found on the coins of any other nation.' Thus on a medal of the <*ens Plautia, we find a woman's head with a mural crown, A Sou, tms /Ecl.Cur.S.C. and on the reverfe, Judaw, and intheex- ergue, Bacchus; the devife, a man on his knees holding with his right hand a camelhy the bridle, and with the left, a branch of palm. It alfo denotes alliance with Arabia. Vid. Trev Dia. loc. cit. Camel, in mechanics, a kind of machine ufed in Holland for raifing or lifting fhips.
The camel was invented by a burgo-mafterof Amfterdam, to- wards the clofe of the laft century. It took the denomination fromitsheavinefsorftrength. Vid. Jutin, Dia. Mar. p. 18- feq. '
Its ufe is to raife velTels, in order to bring them over the Pam- pus, which is at the mouth of the river Y, where the flial- lownefs of the water hinders largefhips from paffing. Vid Jour, des Scav. T. 67. p. 300, feq. where its ftfuaure isdefcribed.'
Camel is alfo a denomination given to a kind of pit-coal other- wife called canel. Stat. abr. 8° T. 6. tit Rive's §' n $c 13;. See Camel-™?/. . * 5 ' a V
Camkls bay, fxmm camelarum, an appellation given to the plant fcasnantbus, or juncus oieratus. £>uinc. Pharm. P. z. Sea. 1. n. 12. p. 71. See Scjenanth.
CAMELEON (Cycl.)— This is not the only animal pollened of the property of changing its colour ; Grew mentions ano- ther fort of lizzard, which, when he fwells with anger, changes his colour from green to a kind of ruffet ». The like is faid of the naque moufche, an infect in the ifland of Nevis ». — [» Grew, Muf. Reg Societ. P. j. k&. 2. c. 3 p A7. » Bibl. Univ. T. 6. p. 240.J V 4
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