CAR
wltb thebifhop, in all thofc greater churches called by us ca- thedrals, though in aftep-timcs the name became reftrained to thofe of the Roman church alune, being as it were the council or fenate of the bifhop. Piiifc* Lex. Ant. T. i.p. 363. See further concerning the origin and rights of cardinals in Onuphrius, Duarenus, Ciaconus. Traite de I* origine des cardinaux. Aubery has given the genera! hiftory of cardinals in 5 volumes 4. . See alfo Du Cange, Gloil. Lat. T. 1. p. 835. Trev. DicZ Univ. T. 1. p. 1446, feq.
C AUDix Ah-JigHs, in aftronomy, are arm 9 libra 9 cancer and Capri- corn. See Sign 1 , Cycl.
CARDINALITIUS, in zoology, a name given by fome to the coccothrauftes indica criftata, commonly called the Virginian nightingale. Adrovand. de avib. See Nightingale.
CARDING (Cycl ) anfwers to what the Latins call cdrmhare, and antiently care' e ; as appears from Plautus in his Menzccb- mus : inter ancillas fedcre jubeas, lanam carere. Janus Laurem- bergius takes the French carder and our carding to have been formed from carere, by an interpofition of the letter d. Jofeph Scaliger derives both carere and cardrius from the Greek xetgw, «E«gor, to (bear. Cafen. orig. Franc, p. 30.
'CARDIOGMU3, Kste&wyfw&'j is fometimes ufed for the fame with cardialgia. See Cardialgia.
Cardiogmus, in a more retrained fenfe, denotes a peculiar fpecies of cardialgia, attended with an anxiety of the praecor- dia, and a painful heavinefs, caufed by a flatulent diftention of the abdomen and flomach, which compreffes the diaphragm. Nent. Fund. Medic. T. 2. tab. 209. c. 9.
CARDIG1D, in geometry, is thus formed ; let the diameter A B
CAR
of the circle A M B A, revolve about the point A, and on A B
produced let B <?, M N, A D, M N , &c. be always equal to
A B; then will the point a defcribe a curve, which from its fi
gure refembling a heart, is called cardioid.
From the conftruction it appears, that A N — B A + A M,
and that N A N is always double of the diameter A B, and is
bifected by the circle in M.
This curve is algebraical ; if A B — a, a E = x s E N = jy,
its equation will be,
y+ — 6 a y z -J- 12 x- y"- — 6 a x 1 y -f- x* — o -f- 1 2 a x $*■ — 8 a 3 y -f- 3 a* x % For the method of drawing tangents, and other properties of this curve, fee Phil. Tranf. N° 461. Sect. 8. See alfo Mem Acad. Scienc. 1705. where Monfieur Cane firft propofed this curve. CARDIOSPERMUM, in botany, the name by which Linnaeus c^lls that genus of plants named eorindum by Tournefort and other authors. Linnm, Gen. Plant, p. 171. See Corin-
DUM.
CARDISCE, in natural hiftory, the name of a ftone mentioned by the old authors, and called alfo encardia. Pliny tells us there were three kinds of it; the one black, in which there was the plain figure of a heart delineated in white, another green in that part where the heart was figured ; and the third white all over, except that the heart is marked in black. We know of no fuch ftones as thefe at prefent, unlefs they are to be fought for among the agates, the various and accidental courfe of the veins in which, reprefent fometimes a thoufand Angular figures, among which imagination may eafily trace hearts, eyes, and the like Our modern writers underftand by this name a very different Hone, more ufually called bucardites from its re- fembling the heart of an ox. This does not (hew the delinea- tion of a heart, but reprefents in fome meafure the fhape of one in its whole figure, and owes its form to its being the matter which has once filled up the cavity between the two fbells of a large bivalve of the cockle kind. The writers of the middle ages imagined the wearing the encardia of the anti- ents about them, a cure for the palpitation and other diforders of the heart; we attribute no virtue to ours, SceBuCARDiTEs. Sutpl. Vol. I.
CARDITES, in phyfiology,a figured ftone in the form of a heart* Of thefe there are divers fpecies, which receive different deno- minations from the particular animals whofe hearts they are fuppofed to reprefent; as the anthropocardiie^ the bucardites.kc.
Sec BuCARDITES.
Plot defcribes a ftone of the former kind, found near Stoken church, fo exa&ly like the heart of a man, that the very trunks of the defending and afcending parts of the vena cava, with a part of the aorta, were reprefet.ted in it, in their due pofition. Pkt, Nat. Hift. Oxfordf. c. 5. §. 154. CARDONIUM, among antient phyficians, denotes wine medi- cated with herbs.
It is made by pouring mud, or new wine on the herbs. Caff, Lex. Med. p. 136. CARDOPA 1 IUA'I, in botany, a name applied by fome authors
to the carline thiftle. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2. CARDUELIS, in zoology, the name of a very well known bird, called in Englifli the gold-finch, and by the old naturalifts the chryfomiires and acanthis ; the firft from its yellow head, and the laft from its feeding among thirties. CARDUS, in botany, a name given by the Romans to the plants called caSes by the Greeks. Thefe words were fometimes ufed by both as the general names of the thiftle kind, and in that fenfe the word cardus and carduus are the fame ; hut fome of the Roman authors have ufed this as the Greeks did caiios, in a more limited fenfe, expreffing by it only the ar- tichoak. This they knew both in its wild ftate, and in its gar- den ftate ; the wild plant was very prickly, and the garden one much larger in all its parts, and fmooth.
Columella is almoft the only author among the antients who feems to make the ca£lo* and cinara different plants ; but his diftin&ion turning only upon the one being prickly, the other not, it comes to no more than that cactus was the name of the plant in its wild ftate, and cinara in its garden ftate. CARDUUS, the thiftle, in botany, & c . See Thistle. CAREOPUL!, in botany, a name given by fome authors to the tree which affords us the gamboge, the gutta gamha, and gam- bogiumot theifaops. P.rk Theatr. p. 1635. CARETTA, in zoology, the name of that fpecies of tortoife, the fhell of which is of the greateit value, and is. principally ufed with us under the name of tortoife-fhell.
This is but a fmall tortoife in comparifon of many others, and its flefh is very coarfeand ill tafted : its eggs, however, which it lays in great numbers among gravel, are very delicate food. The fhell of this kind iscompofed of fifteen pieces, fome larger, fomefmaller; ten of thefe are flat, four confidcrably bent and the other, which is what covers the neck, is of a triangular fi- gure, and is hollowed fo as to look like a fmall fhield. Thefpoils of this creature ufually weigh about four pound, and fometimes the feveral fcales are fo long and thick as to rife to fix or feven pound. Ray, Syn. Quad. p. 258. CARETTI, in botany, a name by which many authors have called the acacia gloria/a, or the tree which produces the mar- fao, or bezoar nuts. Hort. Mai Vol. 2. p. 35. CAREX, in botany, a word ufed by Linnseus as the name of a genus of plants, comprehending thofe called experoides by Tournefort and others, and the jhirpoidet of other authors. The characters of the genus are thefe : it produces male and female flowers, in moft fpecies, on the fame plant ; the male flowers are digefted into a long fpike; the cup is an oblong and imbricated amentum, confifting of acute, hollow, and lan- ceolated fcales, each containing one flower; there is no coral- la; the itamina are three erect, fetaceous filaments, of the length of the cup ; the anthers are oblong, and not pendulous, but ereft.
In the female flowers the cup is the fame as in the male ; there are no petals, but there is an inflated oblong neclarium ; the germen is three fquare, and is placed within the neclarium 5 the ftyle is very fhort ; the ftigmaraare fometimes three, fome- times but two ; they are long, crooked, pointed, and hoary. The neclarium grows larger when the flower is fallen, and con- tains the feed in it; the feed is fingle, of an acute, and fome- what oval form, three-cornered, and has one of its angles ufu- ally much fmaller than the others. The fcirpoides of authors ufually have the male and female flowers on the fame plant. Linnai, Gen. PI. p. 446. Town. Inft. p. 299. Shenk. Agroft. p. 10. Micbeliy p. 32.feq. Dillen. Gen. p. 13. CARGADORS, at Amfterdam, a kind of brokers who make it their fole bufmefs to find freight for fhips which want loading, and veffels for merchants or paffengers who want conveyance to fuch or fuch a place. Savar. Diet. Comm. Supp. p. 1 20. CARGO (Cycl.) — Sortable Cargo, is that which contains fomething of every fort, neceffary to furnifh the tradefmen of the place it is fent to, with parcels fit to fill their fhops^ and in- vite their cuftomers. Compl. Engl. Tradefm. T. 1. Lett. 7. p. 84..
Officers and failors on board a vcflel are allowed to carry a fmall cargo or pacotille, not exceeding a certain bulk or weight for their own account, without paying any freio-ht. Savar* Diet. Comm. T. 2. p. 947. voc. pacotille. Cargo alfo denotes a weight ufed in Spain and Turky, amount- ing to about 300 Englifh pounds. Lex. Mercat. p. 388. CAR1A, in natural hiftory, a name given by authors to a very mifchievous fpecies of ant, common in feme parts of the Eaft- 6 M ladies.
