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be expofed to the morning fun, till eleven a clock, and gently watered as they require. '1 he feed muft be fown in April. In a month the plants will appear; they muft be kept clear of weeds, and in June they muft be tranfplanted into fome beds of the fame earth, in an open airy fitua- tion. They muft be fet here at four inches diftance, and kept clear from weeds, and watered as there fhall be feen occafion ; they may remain here till Auguft ; from hence they muft then be removed into other beds of the fame earth, and planted at fix inches diftance, and in this place they are to be left to flower.
When they are in flower the fineft kinds fhould be marked, and all the layers that can be, fhould, during the time ol their flowering, be laid down from them : toward the latter end of Auguft thefe will have taken root, and they are then to be taken off," and planted out into pots, two in each pot. The method of laying them is this. Slip off the leaves from the lower part of the fhoot intended to be laid, and cut a flit in one of the middle joints, and cut off the tops of the leaves, and cut out the fwelling part of the joint, where the flit is made ; then raife the earth about the place a little, and bend down the flit part of the joint into it, keeping the top upright, and fallen it in its place by a hooked ftick, ftuck into the ground over it, and cover it with earth ; then give it a gentle watering, and repeat this as often as is neccllary, and in fix weeks the layers will have taken fo much root as to be ready to tranfplant; they are then to be planted fingle, in pots of a prepared earth, of a hazel land, or under turf-earth of pafture, with a mixture of old cow-dung, cr the rotten dung of a melon bed. The turf fhould be taken with the foil, and the whole fuffered to lie and mellow together for fix or eight months before it is wanted, turning it often in the mean time. They require flicker in the winter feafon, and as it is difficult to flielrer a large number in their pots, which are ufually nine inches over, it may be a better way to plant them out in Au- guft in very fmall pots, fheltering a number of thefe all win- ter in a frame ; and in the middle of February they may b< tranfplanted into the pots they are to flower in : 'thefe, ir. April, fhould be fet out upon a ftage of boards, open to the South-eaft, but defended from the weft winds, and not too near trees, walls, or buildings, where they are to flower. Mill, Gard. Dior, in voc.
CARNEIA, K«5„,», in antiquity, a feftival in honour of Apollo, furnamedCarneus, held in molt cities of Greece, but efpecially at Sparta, where it was flrft inftituted.
The reafon of the name, as well as the occafion of the infti- tution, is controverted. It Med nine days, beginning on the 13th of the month Carneus. The ceremonies were an imi- tation of the method of living, and difcipline u fed in camps. Nine axmhr, or tents, were erected, in each of which nine men of three different tribes lived the fpace of nine days, dur- ing which time they were obedient to a public cryer, and did nothing without exprefs order from him. The chief prieft who attended this folemnity was named//frf«; befides whom, there were five minifters called carneatx, who were obliged to hold their office four years, and to remain batchelors during that time. A/cms. Gnec. Feriat. Cajlelan, de Fell. Graec Pott. Arch. Graec. 1. 2. c. 20. p. 408.
CARNELIAN. Seethe article Sarda.
CARNEUM operculum, in anatomy, a name given by fome Writers to a mufcle of the abdomen, called by Vefalius the prmdpium reifi abdominis ; and by Fallopius, the mufculus car- nofus. It is now generally known by the name ol fyramiialis. See the article Pyeamidalis.
CARNEY, adifeafe in horfes, wherein their mouths become fo furred that they cannot eat. Did Ruft. T. 1. in voc.
CARNICULA is ufed by fome for a caruncle, more particularly for that fleftiy fubftance which inve-fls the teeth. Cqjl. Lex, Med. p. 137.
CARNID, in natural hiftory, a name given by Averrhoes to what is called zarnich by more antient writers. He calls the yellow orpiment by the name carnid, without any epithet or addition ; but the red he diftinguifhes by the epithet akmer, This feems, however, not to be a diflinaive term, but to take in the red arfenic, and the fandarach of that author ; which he diftinguifhes, however, in his writings, as two very different fubftances.
Serapio defcribes the fandarach and yellow orpiment of Di ofcorides under the name of narneth, which is evidently the fame word with zarnich, only corruptly fpelt ; and he no where ufes the word fandarach as a name for any mineral iubftance, but alw-iys applies it to the gum of the juniper, fo called alfo by Diofcorides. Avifenna's interpreter, on the contrary, ufes the word fandarach as a name of orpi- ment, and that not only of the red kind, but of orpiment in pf n " al > calling the title of one of his chapters, De arfenico, id eft, fandaracha. We have applied the word arfenic of late days to the common ratfbane, a poifonous preparation of co- balt ; but the antients, not acquainted with this poifon, ufed the word arrenicon, or arfenicon, as they differently fpelt it, lor orpiment. Avifenna mentions three kinds of this mineral, the white, the yellow, and the red; the two latter of thefe have been always well known, but the white kind was fup- poled never to have exifted, but to have been an error of the
copies, till Dr. Hill proved it to exift in nature, and defcribed it among the zarnichs in his hiftory of foff.is. See the article Zarnich.
CARNIFEX, among the Romans, the common executioner. By reafon of the odioufhefs ot his office, the carnifex was ex- prelly prohibited by the laws from having his dwelling-houfc within the city. Cic. Orat. pro Rabir. c. 5. Pitifc. Lex. Ant. T. I. p. 366. Kenn. Rom Ant. P. 2. 1. 3. c. 13. p. 123. In middle age writers carnifex alfo denotes a butcher. Du Cause Glofi'.Lat. T. 1. p. 848.
Under our Danifll kings, the carnifex was an officer of great dignity ; being ranked with the archbilhop of York, earl Good- win, and the lord fteward. Flor. VV'igorn. An. 1 040. Rex Harde:anutus Alfricum Ebor. Arcbiep. Goodwiunm comiiem, Edricum difpenfatorem, Thrond fuuni carnificcm, & alios ma«n<t dignitatis viros Londinum mifit. Spelm. Gloff. p. 1 z c.
CARNIFICATION, the making of, or turning to flefh.
Phyflcians give inftanc.es of the carnification of bones, that is, where the bones lofe their natural confidence, and become foft and flefhy. This is a tranfmutation which is the reverie of of. fification. Vid. Jour, des Scav. T. xc. p. 267, feq. Mem. de Trev. 1712. p. 1623, feq. Item 1726. p. 1 146. See Os- sification and Bone.
CARNIVAL. See Carnaval.
CARNIVOROUS (Cycl.) — To the arguments ufed by Dr. Wallis and others, to prove that man is not naturally carni- vorous, Dr. Tyfon anfwers, that if man had been defigned by nature not to be carnivorous, there would doubtlefs have been found fomewhere in the globe, pcop'e who do not feed on flcfh ; and as hiftory feems not to furnifh any inftance hereof, may not we fay, that what is done univerfally by the whole fpecies, is natural ? For whit the Pythagoreans did in abftain- ing from flefh, was on the principle of a tranfmigration, a miftake in their pliilufophy, not a law of nature : and though in fome countries, men feed more fparingly on flefh than In others, this is owing to their own choice, frcm the advantage they perceive by it.
That carnivorous animals are not always without a colon and caecum ; nor arc all animals carnivorus which have thofe parts ; but that the carigueya,or opoiTum, for inftance, has both a co- lon and a caecum, yet feeds on poultry, and other flcfh ; where- as the hedge-hog has neither colon nor caecum, and therefore ought to be carnivorous, yet it feeds only on vegetables ; add, that hogs, which have both, will feed on flefh greedily enough when they can get it ; and that rats and mice, which have large caxums, feed on bacon, as well as bread and cheefe. That from the multitude of carnivorous animals which want thofe parts, and of non-carnivorous which have one or both, no fafe conclufion can be drawn ; fince we might as well ar- gue, that becaufe the neat-kind, ftag-kind, goat-kind, and fheep-kind, which live on herbage, have four ftomachs, there- fore all thofe which have not four ftomachs were not defio-ned by nature to be graminivorous; whereas the horfe-kind°and hare-kind have but one ftomach, yet feed on grafs like the former: Add, that in many animals which live on the fame fort of food, the ftruflure of the ftomach is found very dif- ferent ; and that in others which live on different foods, ex. gr. on flelh, on fruits, on grafs, &c. the ftomachs are found fo like, that 'tis difficult to aflign any difference between them; and if we cannot make a judgment what food is moft natural to an animal from the ilructure of its ftomach, which is the part mod concerned in digefting it, much lefs can we judge from the colon or caecum, which are parts remote from the ftomach, and rather feem as a cloaca for the reception of the faeces, than of ufe for digefting or diftrjbuting the food. °
In fine, fince man has all manner of teeth, fit for the pre- paration of all forts of foods, fliould it not rather feem that na- ture intended we fhould live on all ? And as the alimentary duel in the human-kind is fitted far digefting all forts of food, may we not rather conclude that nature did not intend to de- ny us any ? Vid. Phil. Tranf. N° 269. p. 775, feq. 'Tis no lefs difputed, whether mankind were carnivorous be- fore the flood > St. Jerom, Chryfoftom, Theodoret, and other antients maintain that animal food was then totally forbidden ; which opinion is alfo ftrenuoufly fupported among the moderns, by Curcellceus ', and refuted by Heidegger, Danzius, Bo- chart, &c. b — [*V id. Curcell. de efu Sang, inter Chriftian. b Heidegg. de Libert. Chriftian. a lege cibaria, c. 2. feq. Item Hift. Patriarch. P. 1 . Fxerc. 15. p. 390. IVaL. Lex. Phil. p. 2 35> feq, Danz. Difp. de Creophagia ante diluvium licita. SeldeK. de Jur. Nat. & Gent fecund, difcipl. Hebr. 1. 7. c. 1. Bochart, Hieroz. 1. 1. c. 2. Bndd. Hift. Ecclef. Vet Teft T. 1. p. 185.]
CARNiUS, in chronology, the Syracufian name for the Atheni- an month metagitnion ; which was the fecond of their year, and anfwered to the latter part of our July and beginning of Au- suft. See Metagitnion, and Month.
CARNOUS leaf, among botanifts. See Lea f.
CARNOSUS mufculus, in anatomy, a name given by Fallopius and others to a mufcle, called by Vefalius the beginning of the ftraight mufcle of :he abdomen, and now generally known by" the name of pyi-amidalis,
CARNU-
