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bath, in order t» foften the parts, and render them more cafy to be bmifed and diffolve-d. After he has been there Tome time, they comprefs the veins of the neck called the jugulars, and by this means render him ftupid and infenfible, as it he were feized with an apoplexy ; in which ftate the mutilation is eafily performed, without his feeling any thing of it. It is ufually performed on young children by the mother or nurfe. Trait, des Eunuch, c. 3. p. 1 1, feq.
Antiently they ufed to give the patient a dofe of opium; and while he Was a-fleep, by the influence of this, the operation was performed with a knife ; but it beingfound that the greater part of thofe who were eunuchized in this manner died by the narcotic, recourfe was had to the other method above-men- tioned.
The Perfians and other Eafrern nations have divers methods of making eunuchs different from thole which obtain in Europe: we fay, of making eunuchs, for^it is not always done among them by cutting, or even collihon. Cicuta and other poifon- ous herbs do the fame office, as is (hewn by Paulus iEgincta. Thofe eunuchized in this manner are called thlibia-. Befides which there is another fort named thlaflf, in whom the geni- tals are left intirc, and only the veins which fhould feed them are cut ; by which means the parts do indeed remain, but fo lax and weak, as to be of no ufe. Id ibid. p. I 2, feq. "Caflration was for fome time the punifhment of adultery. Va- ler. Maxim. \. 6. c. 1. n. 13. See Adultery. By the laws of the Vifigoths fodomites underwent the fame pu- nifhment. Du Cange, GlofT. I. at. T. I. p. 873. Castration-, in refpect of brutes, is called gelding, {paying, &c.
See Gelding and Spaying, Cyd. Castration is alfo ufed by fome phyficians for correcting the moreviolent medicines, efpecially purgatives. Helm Tr. Phar- mac. acDifpenf. Modern, n. 49,. Brun. Exerc. 1. de Remor. Purg. 8. 38. Caft. Lex. Med. in voc. Sec Correction, and Correctors, Cyd. Castration alfo denotes the art of retrenching, or cutting away any part of a thing from its whole.
The antients fpeak of eajlrating a bee-hive, by taking out the honey-combs ; cajhare arbores, vites, and the like, is ufed by Pliny, for the boring a hole in their bottom. Plin. Hill. Nat. 1. 24. c. 8. C-ato, de Re Ruft. c. 23. Fab. Thef. p. 486. CASTREL, a kind of hawk refembling the lanner in (nape, but the hobby in fize. The eajlrd called alfo keftrel, is of a flow and cowardly kind, ; her game is the growfc, though (he will kill a partridge. Diet. Ruff.. T. 1. in voc. Sec Hawk, and Falconry, Cyd. and Suppl. CASTRENSIANI, or Castrenses, in antiquity, an order of fervants in the Greek emperor's houfhold, to whom belonged the care and fervice of what related to his table, and clothing. They were thus called either on account of their attending the emperor, when in camp, or becaufe they obferved a fort of camp-difcipline in the court ; or rather becaufe they were con- sidered as foldiers, were paid as fuch, and had the privileges belonging to the military body. The cajlrenfiani were alfo called cajirerjes mivijlri, and minifleriani. Pitije. Lex. Ant. T. 1. p. 377. Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. r. p. 874. Item GlofT. Graec. p. 576, & 604. Seboetg. Cur. Ant. Lex. p. 282, To this order belonged the bakers, butlers, waiters, fullers, tatters, &C. They had a bead, or fuperior, who was called eo- mes cajlrenfts, which was a Palatine dignity under the cham- berlain. CASTRENSIS, in medicine, an appellation given to certain con- tagious and epidemic difeafes, efpecially fevers. Vid. Hdm. de Febr. c. 10. n. 7. Willis, dcFebr.c. 14. Caji. Lex. Med. p. 141. See C.\MV-difeafe, &c. CASTRUM debris, in middle-age writers, denotes a catafalco, or a lofty tomb of {late, erected in honour of fome perfon of eminence, ufually in the church where his body is interred ; and decorated with ams, emblems, lights, and the like. Fafe. lng. Lex. p. i6r.
Ecclefiaftical writers {peak of a ceremony of confecrating a cajlrum doloris ; the edifice was to be made to reprefent the bo- dy of the deceafed, and the prieft and deacon were to take their polls, and fay the prayers after the fame manner as if the corpfe were actually prefent. Magr. Notit. Vocab. Ecclef. p. 58. See alfo Du Cange, GlofT. Lat. T. 1. p. 878. CASUAL, fomething that happens fortuitously, or without any
defign or meafures taken to bring it to pafs. Casual revenues, are thofe which arrive from forfeitures, con-
fifcations, deaths, attainders, &c. Casual theology, a denomination given by fome to what is more frequently called cafuiftry. See Casuistry. Adam Ofiander, chancellor of the univerfity of Tubingen, has publifhed a fyftem of eafual theology, containing the folution of dubious queffions, and cafes of confeience. Tbeologia cafua- lis, 6vol. 4 . Tubing. 1682. Vid. Aft. Erud. Lipf. 1682. p. 282. CASUALTY, in the tin-mines, a word ufed to denote the earth and flony matter which is, by warning in the flamping-mills, &c. feparated frcm the tin ore, before it is dried and goes to the crazing mill. CASUARIUS, the eajfozvary or Emeu, a large bird fomewhat re- fembling the oifrich.
In the Linnaian fyflem of zoology this makes a dillinct genus of birds of the order of the galling; the diflinguiihing cha- racters of which are, that there are three toes on each foot, and ihofe placed before, the creature having no hinder toe, and the head has a crdt and naked wattles. Litmai Syrtem. Na- ture, p. 47. CASUIST, a perfon who profeffes to refolve cafes of confeience. Efcobar has made a collection of the opinions of all the ea/ui/tt before him. Trev. Diet. Univ. T. r. p. 1 joo.. M. le Feore, preceptor of Lewis XIII. called the books of the cafuifls, the art of quibbling with God "; which does not feem far from the truth ; by reafon of the multitudes of diftinctions and fubtikics they abound withal. ; The fame perfon ufed to call Cicero his cafuijt, on account of his book of offices ' Mayer has published a bibliotheca of cafmjls, containing an ac- count of all the writers on cafe: i of confeience, ranged under three heads ; the firft comprehending theLutheran, the fecond tiicCalvinift,and the third theRomilh eajitifls e . — [> L'Art.de Chicaner avec Dieu. Vid. Nouv. Rep Lett. T. 28. p. 293. L TreV ' 5' a ' V" iv - T - '■ P- '5°°- ' Biblioth. Script Theof. Mor. & Confcient. annexed to Strauch. Theol. Moral. Gri- phiiis,^ 1 708. 8vo. Vid. Jour des Scav. T. 40. p. 46 1.] CASUISTICAL theology, the fcience ofcafuiflry. See thear- ' tide Casuistry. ^ Cajni/lieal the-logy bears a near affinity to moral theology. CASUISTRY, the doctrine and fcience of confeience 3 ,' and its cafes ; the rules and principles of refolving the fame ; drawn partly from natural reafon and equity ; partly from authority ot Icnpturc, the canon law, councils, fathers, etc To cafii/lry belong the decifion of all difficulties' arifing about ' what a man may confcicntioufly do, or not do; what is (in or not (in ; what things a man is obliged to do in order to dif- charge his duty, and what he may let alone without breach of it. Vid. Du Pin, Meth. of Stud. Divin. c. 27. p. 304. CATS-tyr, among naturalifts, a kind of precious (lone, of a lu- cid texture, whofe colours are variable, according to the pofi- tion of the (tone to the light.
Cats-eye is by the Latins called oaths cati, and fometimes ony- eopalw, as havmg white zones or rings like the onyx ; and its colours variable like opal, from which Jaft it differs chiefly by its fuperior hardnefs. Grew, Muf. Reg. Societ. P. 3. Sect. 1. c. 4. p. 290. See Onyx and Opal.
The eats-eye is of a gliftering grey, interchanged with a Itraw colour, and anfwers the defcription given by Pliny of the Afle- ria, between which and our eats-eye there appears no other difference than that the antients took their denomination from the bnghtnefs and mining of the ftone, whereas the modern name is taken from the figure of it. Woocho. Meth. Foff. Clafs. 2. p. 21. See Asteria. Cat -gut, a denomination given to final] firings for fiddles, and other inftruments, made of the interlines of (beep or lambs dried and twilled, either fingly, or feveral together. Thefc are fometimes coloured red, fometimes blue, but are commonly left whitifh or brownifh, the natural colour of the gut. They are u(ed alfo by watch-makers, cutlers, turners, and other artificers. Great quantities are imported into Eng- land, and other northern countries, from Lyons and Italy. Sa- var. Diet. Comm. T. I. p. 1510. voc. corde. CAT-harpings, are (mall ropes running in little blocks from one fide of the fhrowds to the other, near the deck : their ufe is to force the fhrowds, and make them taught, for the more fecu- rity and fafety of the mads. Guili Gent. Dift. P. 3. in voc. Cat, or Cat-Ami-/, in a ihip, is a fhort piece of timber, lying aloft right over the hawfe, having at one end two (hivers, wherein is reeved a rope, with a great iron hook fattened to it, called cat-hook. Bote!. Sea Dial. 4. p. 112. Its ufe is to trice up the anchor from the hawfe to the top of the fore-cattle. Guilt. Gent. Diet. P. 3. in voc. CAT's-head is alfo a denomination given to a fort of wafle ffonv lumps, not inflamable, found in coal mines. In thefe there are frequently impreffions of ferns. Phil. Tranf. N° 366. p. 970. CAT-holes, in a Ihip, are over the ports, as right with the 'cap- ftan as they can be : their ufe is to heave the (hip a-flcrn upon occafion, by a cable or a hawfe called ftem-fart. Bote!. Sea Dial. 4. p. 112. Guill. Gent. Diet. P. 3. in voc. CA-rWWr. See the article Hook. Cat of mountain, the name of a heart of prey approaching to
the leopard kind. See the article Catus Parous. C.AT-rope. See the article Rope.
CAT-falt, a name given by our faltworkers to a very beauti- (ully granulated kind of common fait. It is found out of the bittern or leach brine, which runs from the fait when taken out of the pan. Wben they draw out the common fait from the boiling pans, they put it into long wooden troughs, with holes bor'd at the bottom for the brine to drain out ; under thefe troughs are placed vcilcls to receive this brine, and acrofs them arc placed certain fmall fticks,to which the cat-falt affixes itfclf in very large and beautiful cryftals. This fait contains fome portion of the bitter purging fait, and is very (harp and pungent, and is white when powdered, tho' pellucid' in the maf,-. It is ufed by fome for the table, but the greater}, part of what is made of it is ufed by the makers of hard (bap.
Cat-
