COL
COL
degrees more than that of the fevere winter of 1709: and, Unhappily for us, thefe long-lived ones are of the moil com rnon kinds, and fuch as do us the greateft injuries. We have therefore no room to believe, that the cold of any of our win- ters can be fo great as to rid us of thefe mifchicvous animals. Mem. Acad. Scienc. Par. 1734.
Cold is the deftroyer of ail vegetable life, when in'cfeafed to an fexceffive degree ; and it is hard to fay how much incre'afe of it the hardier of them are, or are not able to bear. We find many of our garden plants and flowers, which feem to be very ftout and hardy, go off at a little increafe of cold beyond the ordinary ftandard. In the fevere winter in 1683, Mr. Robarts tells us, that the artichoaks and colliflowers all'perifhed ; and that the odoriferous fuffrutices, fuch as thyme, fage, lavender, cotton, and the like, were genera ly killed, very fewefcaping, texceptfucb as had been planted the preceding year, and were therefore fo low as to have the advantage of a covering of fnow over them; which is the defence nature has given to the hatives of the coldeft countries, and proves fuperior to any thing that can be invented by art for their prcfervation. In the corn fields, fuch parts of them as had remained covered with (now, hadefcaped very well, the corn all looking frefli and vigorous, after the melting of it in the fpring : but when the lands had lain fo expofed that the fnow had melted off, the crop was generally deftroyed, and the farmer obliged to new fowthe place. Phil. Tranf. N° 165. See Frost. Cold, in medicine. To prevent the catching of cold, theje- fuits bark is recommended in the philofophical tranlkdions. Phil. Tranf. N Q 478. p. 3. See Peruvian bark. Cold water. Sec Water. COLDSHIRE iron is fuch as is brittle when it is cold. See
the article Iron. CGLE-fijb, an Englifh name for a fifh of the whiting kind, call- ed by authors ajellus niger, and in Cornwall, and fomc other parts of England, the rawlin pollack. It is a long and thin fifh, for one of this genus, more refembling the whiting pollack than any other fpecies; but differing in the length and tbin- nefs of its body, and in the fide-lines which run from the gills to the tail : thefe in the whiting pollack are raifed into an arch under the firft back-fin, and in the cok-ftfh are flxait, and are very broad and white. It is of a darker colour than the others . of thefe fpecies, yet looks, tho* blackifh, very bright and fhining, and has none of thofe yellowim lines, which mark the fides of the whiting pollack. The fins are all of a bluifh black colour, and the eyes large and protuberant ; the fc ales very fmall : and, as in the cod the upper jaw is longer than the under; in this, on the contrary, the under is longer than the upper. This has alfo no beard. It is very common on the coafts of Northumberland, Yorkfhire, and other northern counties of England, and is called the cole-fjh, or coal-fifh, from its blackncfs. It is fomethmg of the tafte of the cod, but much inferior to it. JVillughby's Hi-fi. Pifc. p. 168. Coi.E-»;e;i/e, in zoology, the name of a fmall bird of the tit moufe kind, diflinguifhed from all the reft by being the (mail- ed: of all the titmoufc kind, and having a white fpot on the back part of its head. May's Ornithol. p. 17 6. See the ar- ticle PaRUS. CahE-pearcb, in natural hiftory, a name given to a fmall fifh, much efteemed about Dantzick and other places, for its delicate flavour. It is very like the common river pearch, but that it does not grow fo iarge, and has a greater variety of colours, and its head is proportionately larger. Phil. Tranf. N° 83. QohE-feed, the feed of the naphew or napus, propagated in ma- ny parts of England to great advantage, for the oil expreffed from the feeds. It is much fowed in the mooiy land in the fen countries. The frefliefl mould is found bell: for it, or what the farmers call a lufiy foil, which is newly broken up, and has been long at reft. They commonly give two tilths to the ground they fow with cole-feed; but if they manure it, then only one. They lay on the manure a little before they begin to plow ; and, plowing in the morning, fow that Very day. The time of fovving is June, July, and Auguii: July isthebeffc month. They fow the feed over furrow, a peck to an acre, and crufh harrow it : they then have a crop that time twelve- month, winch they Iheer or reap as they do wheat, difpofing it into little heaps. When it has lain about a fortnight upon the ground, they thrafli it upon a fail-cloth, with common flails ; then winnow it, and afterwards fend it to the mills. Mo'reton's Northampt. p. 484.
This feed is principally brought from Holland, though it is very good when taken from our own plants, for growth as well as other ufes. The fowing this feed is a very advan- tageous piece of hnlhandry. It loves rich and fat lands, and fucceeds very well on mariti and fen lands, and particularly on ground newly recovered from the fea. The ranker the land is for cole-feed the better ; but it will do on any that is dry and warm. The beit feed is that which is largeft, fairefi, and of the elenreft colour. It is very, apt to be mouldy, if not kept Very dry. It is to he fown in the end of June, or beginning of July: the land being fallowed in May, muft be twy-fallowed iii June, and mult be laid very fmooth and even before it is fown ; the feed is finally to be fown the lame day that the land is plowed* and about a gallon is ftifficient for an acre. Some fow it for the fake of the feed ; others by way of a winter
food for the cattle in the months of January; February and March, when other food is wanting. It will do very well id poor lands for this purpofe ; but the richer grounds only will make it rank enough for feed. If the winter be mild, it will after feeding grow again, and afford a fecond winter's fupply, and after cutting up the flump, will moot out young fprouts, very fweet, and in great abundance.
When it is kept for feed, it is to be reaped in the manner of wheat, as foon as one half of the feed looks brown : ii is to be left a fortnight to dry on the ground, never turning it, for fear of fhedding the feed ; and when this time is over, it is to be gathered up in large fheets, and carried to the barn for im- mediate thr.'fhing; or it may be thrafhed in the field on a large meet. Its common produce is five quarters of feed from an, acre, and the value of this is about five pounds I he land where this has grown, is very well prepared by it for wheat ; tho' fome fow oats upon it, as what fucceeds beft of all after it. When the oil is preffed out of the kefa, they ufe the remaining cakes in fome places as firing ; but in others they give them to their cows and other cattle in winter, when other food is fcarce. In fome places, they mix the powder of thefe cakes with water, and give it to their calve* till they are three or four days old, inftead of milk, and it does as well for them, till they are able to eat grafs or hay. It is a good me- thod to burn the ftubble on the cole-feed lands, for it isfofkimpy that it is of no ufe to plow it in. Mortimers Hufbandry.
COLIAS, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of mackrcl, caught very plentifully in the Mediterranean and fome other feas, and never growing to near the fize of the common mackrel ; but differing from that in no other particular. The Italian fimer- men call this fpecies cogniol. Bellon. de Pifc. p. 8<?.
COLIC (Cycl.) — Medical writers diftinguifh the colics into fe- veral fpecies : 1. The flatulent or pituitous calic. 1 'h!s is di- ftinguifhed by an tinufual inflation and dittcnilon of the abdo- men, attended with a rumbling and noife of the guts, and with eructations and other fymptoms of windj efpecially id the beginning of its period.
2. The bilious colic. This is attended with an acrid and gnaw- ing pain and twifting, as it were, of the bowels, and dreadful pain, as if they were wounded and cut with {harp initruments. This often is the effect of violent pafiion, and is then always- attended with head-achs, and often with a violent diarrhoea.
3. The hemorrhoidal and nephritic colic. Thefe are diftin- guifbed by a fpaftic contraction of the abdomen, and a com- preffion as it were of it ; and in thefe cafes, there are ufually' no ftools. This alfo is attended with pains in the head, and with latitudes, and frequent returns of chillnefs and of febrile heats.
4. The hyfteric colic. In this cafe the bowels are always bound, and there are tcnfive pains, and a retraction, as it were, of the navel. There is alfo a fenfation of rolling about of the bowels; but this is perceived fnoftly in the fmailcr in- terlines ; whereas in common colics it is the larger that are principally affected.
5. The convulfive coHc.Thls differs from the former only inde- gree,beingknown by remarkable twiftings and contortions of the colon and other bowels, felt quite up to the fcrobiculum cordis; 6. The iliac paffion, or miferere mei, is ufually ac- counted a fpecies of colic ; but this is fingly treated of under its proper name. Junkers Confp. Med. 1. 563. Seethe ar- ticles Miserere mei and Iliaca pafeio.
Signs of the colic. Thefe are m general vehement and lafiin> pains, felt above and about the region of the navel : they give a fen- fation of a volution and twifting about of the inteftines, and fometimes of fo violent a tenfion, that it feems as if they would bufft : and often there are noifes and tremors within, the abdomen. To thefe are joined fymptoms of the greateft anxiety, and general uneahnefs ; and often there are fuddefi chillnefs and fhiverings of the body, with cold fweats, and at- tempts to vomit ; with thefe there ufually is a flatulence, and obftinatc coftivenefs of the bowels : fometimes, on the con- trary, there is a violent purging; but this is very rarely the cafe, except in the bilious and hemorrhoidal colics ; and in the Iaft of thefe, this is ufually attended with atenefrnus, and with bloody ftools. Thefe are the fymptoms of colics in general. Thofe peculiar to the feveral kinds, are defcribed under thofe heads.
Perfonsfiibjecl to coHcs. Thefe are difeafes that attack both fexesj but in genera] the women are more fubje<£t to them than the men, and they are the more violent, and ufually of longer duration in that fex than in the other. In women they ufually appear gentle, and often trifling at' firft ; butlhey gain firength by time, and often become convulfive The perfons of that fex, peculiarly fubje£i to colics, are thofe of a fanguine tempe- rament; and fuch as have had obftruclions of themenfes. Wo- men in child-bed are alfo very fubjeet to flatulent colics, when the belly has not been properly bound round after delivery : in this cafe, the coHcs not only are troublefome during the month of lying-in, but often become habitual, and do not leave them afterwards. In menj the middle-age is more fub- je£t to colics, than either the young or old periods of life; and people aremoit fubjeft to fall into them who have been fuhjeet: to irregularities in the hemorrhoidal difchare;es, and who have nephritic complaints. Men are often thrown into the bilious
