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nr colours arc obtainable by cryflallization from metalline bo- dies but tbcfe are fubject to corrode and eat the canvas, &c. and are hot capable of warning, by which fttne naturally cor- rofive colours arc rendered mild and harmlcfs. The blue and green vitriols, or cryjlah of copper, cannot be deprived of their aqueous, or faline parts, by a dry air, or by wafting, without fuffcring extreme alterations, or being left in the form of a dry grofs, terrefhial matter, differently coloured from what they were before: and thus the fine green cry/la-s of iron being expofed to the air, become white ; and when well wafhed in water, loofe their greennefs, and turn to a reddifb,or yellow, ochreous earth ; and if deprived of their faline and aqueous parts, by a ftrong di (filiation, they leave behind a brown, or red caput mortuum, which being wafhed in water, affords not a green, but a brown-coloured pigment ; and as this holds pro- portionably of other colours obtained by cryjlalH%atisn, there are little hopes of procuring durable pigments by this opera- tion, which fliall be of the fame colour with themfelves, tho' after wafhing, fome other colours may be thus procured. Shawh Lectures, p. 187. See Formation 1 of crsftals.
CHRYSTALLOMANTJA, K^r*ww>f**flS>&, an antient kind of divination, performed by polifhed cryfials, in which future e- vents were fuppofed to befignifien by certain marks and fi- gures. Vid. Pott. Archseol Gra?c. 1. 2. c. 18.
CRYiTALLUS lapis, a word ufed by fome of the old authors, not in the exprefs fenfe in which we now make it fignify rock crxjlal, bur as a general term for all pellucid ftones. Some ex- tend it even to the factitious, as well as the natural gems.
CUANDA in zoology. See the article Porcupine.
CUBBRlDGE-£^<&, in Ship-building, is fometimes ufed for the bulk-heads of the fore-caftle, and the half-deck : the firft being called the cubbridge-hcad before j the other the cubtridge-head abaft. Manwayring.
CUBEBS {Cycl ) — It is a general opinion that the carpefia of the antient Greeks was the cukbs ; and, on the ft rength of this opinion, the word cumamus, cumachm, and the like, which are the old Greek names of cubebs, are faid to be fyiionyms with carpefia, which is only looked upon as an antiquated fynonym of that fruit. It is indeed certain, that the Greeks did fome- times call the cubebs carpefia ; but this is only to be found a- mong the later writers of that nation. The older Greeks meant quite another drug by carpefia; and Galen hasdefcribed it as being the odoriferous twigs of a tree growing on the mountains of Pamphylia, and ufed as a fuccedaneum for cinna- mon, See Carpesia.
CUBIC (Cycl.) — Cubic Hyperbola, in conies, one exprefTed by the equation xy* ~a, having two afymptotes, and confuting of two hyperbolas, lying in the adjoining angles of the afymp- totes, and not in the op pofite angles, like the Jj ottoman hyper- bola. It is alfo called an hyper botifmus of a parabola.
CUBIDIA, in natural hiftory, the name of a genus offpars. The word is derived from the Greek *uCi{, a die, and is given them from their being of the fhape of a common die, or of a cubic figure. Thefe bodies owe this fhape to an admixture of particles of lead, and there are only two known fpecies of the genus. 1. A colourlefs cryftalline one, with thin flakes, found in the lead mines of Yorkshire, and fome other parts of the kingdom. And, 2. A milky white one, with thicker crufts. This is found in the lead mines of Derbyshire and Yorkshire, but is ufually fmall, and is not found plentifully. JtTtlh Hift- of Foil p. 376.
CUBITUS (Cycl.) — PraBured Cubitus. The lower part of the arm, which is called the cubitus, contains two bones, the radius and ulna: fractures of this part, therefore, fome- times happen only to one, fometimes to both thefe bones, and that fometimes near their extremities, but oftener to- ward their middle: but, when they are both broke together, the bones are not only very eafily diftorted from each other, but they are not to be replaced without very great diffi- culty alfo : if one only fhould, on the contrary, be broken while the other remains whole, the fractured parts do not much recede out of their places, nor are they very diffi- cult to reduce and retain ; for the bone remaining found, is found, in this cafe, to be a better direction and fupport than either fplints, or bandages. When the fracture hap- pens toward the lower head, near the pronator quadratus mufcle, the fractured part is Strongly drawn by that mufcle, and the intervening ligament that is extended between the radius and ulna, toward the found bone ; and this makes it more difficult to replace. If the radius is to be replaced, whole fragment is contracted towards the ulna, an affiftant muff hold the arm, while the furgeon inclines the patient's hand towards the ulna, to draw back the contracted part of the radius. When this is done he mult carefully re- duce them by compreflion on both fides with his hands, fo as to rcftore the compreiTed mufcle between the radius and ulna, and the fragments of the radius, to their proper places. The arm is then to be bound up with the proper band- age, and the limb muff afterwards be placed in a fort of cafe made of paft eboard, or light wood, to be fufpended in a ffirig put about the neck.
In fetting a fracture of the ulna, the whole method muff be the
fame with this of the radius, except that in the extenfion, the
hand muftbe bent toward the thumb, and radius, before the dif-
3
torted part of the ulna can be comprefTcd into its proper place. When both bones of the cut it lis are broken, the method of cure is much the fame with that ufed to each of them, when broken fingly : but there is required more ftrength and circumfpection, both in the replacing them, and a great deal of caution in applying the bandage to re- tain them. Care muff, alfo be taken, that while the arm continues in this cafe a great while, without motion, the mucilage of the joint d»es not harden, or the ligament he- come Stiff, and the arm, or cubitus, be thereby rendered immoveable. To guard againft this, it will be proper to unbind the arm once in two or three days, and to move it a little carefully and gently, backwards and forwards ; and fometimes to foment it with warm water or oil ; by which means its motion will be preferved. Heijhr, ij2..
Luxaied'CvmTVS. The cubitus confuting of two bones, the ulna and radius, is articulated by a gynglymus ; and the con- nection of thefe bones is fucb, that the ulna, or cufitus, as being the largcft bone, and feated in the lower part of the arm, does of itfclf perform the whole flexion, and extenfion of the arm, yet it cannot perform thofe motions without carrying the ra- dius along with it; but, on the other hand, the radius may be turned along with the hand both inward and outward, with- out at all moving or bending the ulna, as when the pronation and fupination of the hand are made thereby. Both thefe bones of the cubitus are fo articulated with the lower head of the os humeri, that large protuberances are received into deep cavities, or grooves, and the whole inverted and fattened with exceeding ftrong ligaments; fo that, notwithstanding the cu- bitus may be luxated in all four directions, outward or inward, backward or forward, ytt it is but feldom that it fuffers a per- fect or entire dislocation, unlefs the upper part of the ulna be broken, or the ligaments of the cubitus much weakened by fome great external violence. The Slighter, and more recent luxations of this kind are, the more eafy is the reduction of them. Be the cafe better or worfe, however, the patient muft be placed in a chair, and both parts of the limb, the humerus and the cubitus, muft be extended in oppofite or contrary di- rections, by two ftrong affittants, till the mufcles are found pretty tight, with a free fpace between the bones : then the luxated bone muft be replaced, either with the Surgeon's hands alone, or with the aiTiftance of bandages, that the procefles may fall into theirfinufes ; and when that is done, the cubitus muil be fuddenly bent. But if the tendons and ligaments are fo vio- ' lently Strained that they can fcarce perform their office, it will be proper to anoint them with emollient oils, ointments, and the fat of animals; or to apply emollient cataplafms and fo- mentations. As foon as the reduction has been effected, the articulation muft be bound up with a proper bandage, and the arm afterwards fufpended in a fling hung about the neck. But care muft be taken that the bandage is not kept on too long, nor the arm kept entirely without motion all the time, left the mucilage of the joint Should become infpiffated, and the arti- culation rendered, by that means, ftiff, or the motion of the part be entirely loft. To prevent this, it will be proper to un- do the bandage every other day, and gently to bend, and ex- tend the limb : afterwards comprciTes dipt in warm wine may be applied, and held on with the bandage. Hei/ier, Surg. p. 164.
CUBOIDES (Cycl.)— Cuboides tarfu This bone is fituated be- fore the os calcis, on the fide of the os fcaphoides : it is a mafs with fix fides, all very unequal, and very irregular. The upper fide is flat and rough, for the infertion of the ligaments which connect it with the neighbouring bones : the lower fide has an oblique eminence, and, immediately below that, a ca- nal, or groove, which is alfo oblique: the eminence divides this fide into two, and is a little cartilaginous on that fide next the groove ; the groove appears to be cartilaginous from a li- gament which lines it, and both that, and the ed<*e of the emi- nence, Serve for the infertion of an annular ligament, and for the pafiage of the tendon of the peronaius longus. The pof- terior fide is cartilaginous, broad, oblique, partly convex, and partly concave, anfwering to the anterior fide of the os calcis. The anterior Side is pretty broad, and is divided into two por- tions by a narrow prominent line, by which portions this bone is articulated with the third and fourth bones of the meta- tarfus. The inner fide is the longeft of all : it has a fmall cartilaginous furface, by which it is articulated with one of the two ofla cuneiformia : the reft is rough, with feverat depressi- ons in which veffels and glands are lodged. Behind the carti- laginous portion there is, in fome fubjects, another narrow furface, which is articulated with the neighbouring portion of the circumference of the os fcaphoides. This articulation, when wanting, is fupplied by ligaments. The'outfide is the leait of all; it is irregular, Short, and narrow, and it has a notch which communicates with the groove, on the lower fide. PPiifrnv '$ Anatomy, p. 99.
CUBROS gczira. See Gezira cubros.
CUCKOW, cu.ulus, in ornithology See Cuculus.
Cuckow->V, a frothy fubftance found on feveral plants. Sec Froth-//'//.
CUCUBALUS, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : the flower is of the caryophyl- leous kind, being csmpofed of feveral petals, which grow out
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