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Within them, and are plainly black. It is a very poifonous fpecies, and greatly dreaded by the natives ; but its flefh is a very rich food, and greatly efteemed among them, when pro- perly prepared. Ray's Syn. Anim. p. 327. CUDGELLING, among the Romans. See Fustigatio. CUDWEED, in botany. See Filago and Gnaphalium.
CUGNACUARANA, in zoology, the name of an American beafl: of prey, ufually confounded with the tyger, and defcribed by Marggrave as one of the three fpecies of American tygers, the jaguara, and jaguarete, being the two others. Thofe two animals are plainly rather of the leopard, or lynx, than of the tyger kind ; and perhaps, this is as little of the tyger as they. It is a large and very fierce beaft, of the fhapeof thejaguara, but of onefimple co!our, which is a very pale tawney, like the co- lour of fome goats, but not fo ftrong. It is a little dufkier on the back than on the fides, and there is a little white under the chin, and on the belly. Its hair is very fliort. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. i6q.
CUGUACUETE, and Cuguacuapara, in zoology, the Bra- zilian names of an animal of the caprea kind, feeming the male and female of the fame fpecies, and not diftindt animals. The former has no horns, the latter has, and is probably the male ; the horns are compofed of three branches ; they fend out one
- near the infertion, and from this they run up fingle to the ex- tremity, where they are bifid.
We have not feeii the animal in England, hut its horns, which are very Angular in their fhape, are preferved in the mufasum of the Royal Society. This is the animal which Johnfon has figured under the name of the capreolus marinus. Tab. 33. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 90.
CUGUPUGUACU, in zoology, a name by which many call the meros, a Brafilian fifti of confiderable fize, and a very good tafte. Marggrave's Hire. Braf. See Meros.
CUJETE, in botany, a name given by Plumier to a genus of plants which Linnaeus has fince defcribed under the name cref- centia. Plu?nier, 16. See Crescentia.
CUIRIRI, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird of the ftar- ling kind, very like the common darling, and no way differing from the pitanguaguacv, but that it has a yellow fpot upon its head. Marggrave'* Hift. Brafil. Probably this is the male of the fame fpecies.
CUITPALLI, in natural hiftory, the American name of a very beautifully variegated ftone, found in New Spain, and fome other places : its name exprefles the painted ftone. It is a fpe- cies of jafper of a beautiful green, variegated with very beauti- ful lines, and clouds of black, and is in fome parts tranfparent,
CULCASIA, a name given by fome of the old writers to an E- gyptian plant growing near the fea fhores. It is by many fup- pofed to have been the co'ocafia, but improperly. The refem- blance of the name was the only thing that gave the idea of its being this plant, but the virtues attributed to it, and the ufes it was put to in the common affairs of life, fhew that it was the kali, or cali, the plant of whofe afhes they made a fait ufe- ful in many arts, and ftill the bafis of the glafs, and foap manu- factures, and called by Avifenna ujnen.
CULCUL, a fort of grain brought from Egypt to Conftanti- nople, where it is much efteemed, efpecially when frefh. Authors are not agreed what plant it is produced from. Hofm. Lex in voc.
CULDEES, in church hiftory, a defignation given to the monks, or priefts, in Scotland, in the firft ages of chrifti- anity, whence the term pafled into Ireland. They were called culdecs-, quafi cultores dei, from their great piety and devotion. Hofm. Lex. Univ. in voc.
CULEUS, the name of a meafure of liquids, the greateft of all the mcafures among the Romans: it contained twenty amphorae. Pliny interprets feven cuhi to be an hundred and forty amphorae, when he fays, fpeaking of vineyards, that one acre will often yield feven culei, that is, a hundred and forty amphorse of wine; and other authors fpeak of it as containing forty urns, and it is very well known that an urn is the half of an amphora. Columella reckons the culeus of wine at the vineyard, to be worth three hundred nummi, or feventy-five denarii, that is, according to Eng- lifh rate, a hundred and forty gallons three pints and an half, for two pounds eight /hillings and five-pence farthing, which is about a halfpenny the pint. Columella, 1. 3. c. 3. The culeus is, by others, defcribed to contain 160 congii, or 960 fextarii. We read of dolia cukarm, and fefquiade- eria, the latter of which muft have been very large, bein» about 3^ hogfheads, and therefore larger than our pipes. The word culeus is ufed alfo by fome Roman authors for a leather fack.
CULM, among botanifts, a term exprefling the ftalk of grami- neous plants. See Stalk.
CULVERTAIL, in /hip building, is ufed for a manner of let- ting one timber into another, fo that they cannot flip afun- der. The fattening of a /hip's cariings into the beam is fo performed. See Dove-tail, Cycl.
CUMAMUS, in the materia medica, a name given by many of the antients to cubebs. This is plain, from their ac- counts. Some indeed have fuppofed, that they called the carpejia by this name ; but this is wholly erroneous, unlcfs the word carpejia be underftood as a name for the cubeb ; then
indeed cumamus and carpejia are the fame; but when the word carpejia is under its proper fenfe, as the name of the aromatic twigs of a tree, the word cumamus is never ufed as fynonymous with it.
CUMELE, in botany, the name by which the ant'ient Greek writers have defcribed the lupulus or hop, with which we make our malt liquors bitter. Their defcriptions of this plant all agree in giving it the characters and virtues of the hop 3 yet the tranflators and commentators on their works, have in general made the cwnene fignify a very different plant from our hop : this is the white bryony, a plant that has no one character, except its climbing in common, with the hop, and whofe vir- tues are as different as one thing can be from another. The antients had a way of writing the name of this plant iri abbreviation (£$&», bryon, far„fyvuA# bryonia ; and though the Greeks of fucceeding ages have called this bryonia at length, yet commentators make it the name of the lupulus.
CAMELOBOTANE, ^mr, in the modern Greek wri- ters, a name given to the lupulus or plant, which produces the hops. This is called cumele, by the more antienc Greeks, and not bryon, as is fuppofed by fome ; bryon, fyvw, being on- ly an abbreviation of bryonia, white bryony.
CUM1NOIDES, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe: The flower is compofed of feveral petals, which are difpofed in a "circular order, and are ufually fimbriated at the edges ; thefe ftand upon the cup, which afterwards becomes a fingle oblong feed. There is only one known fpecies of this plant, which is the cuminum Jylve/ire, or wild cummin of authors. Town. Inflr. p. 300.
CUMPETES, in the materia medica, a name given by fome of the Greek writers to the carpejia of Galen and others. This was an aromatic drug, and was the younger fhoots and tender twigs of an odoriferous tree, growing on fome moun- tains in Pamphyha, which were collected in the fpring, and when dried, were ufed as a fuccedaneum for the cinnamon. The word cumpetes often occurs in Myrepfus ; but there is fome doubt in the orthography, whether it be cumpetes or cum- pepes ; there feems molt reafon to believe the latter is the proper word. Charito mentions this drug in his antidotes, and the commentators ufually explain it by the word carpejia or carpafus, a name by which they underftood, though im- properly, the cubebs. The Greeks of the later ages, and the Latin writers who fucceeded them, all fell into the fame error, of calling the carpefa the cubeb ; though the ac- counts of the antient Greeks are againft it. Nay, Avifenna feems to have given into the fame error ; for he he has tranf- fcribed into his chapter of cubebs what Galen fays of the carpefia. CUN, or Cunn'ikg, at fea. See Cond, Cycl. CUNEIFORM (Cycl.)— Cuneiform leaf among botanifts. Seethe article Leaf.
CUNEIFORMIA ofa. See Ossa cuneiformia.
CUNEUS, among the Romans, a term often ufed to fignify that part of the theatre where the fpectators fat, on account of its refembling the figure of a wedge. Hoffm. Lex. in voc.
Cuneus, the wedge, was alfo a form of battle frequent a- mong the Romans. See Battle, Cycl. and Suppl;,
CUNICULUS amerhanus, in zoology, a name given by fome to the creature called tapeti, a fmall fpecies of rabbit. See the article Tapeti.
Cuniculus, in mining, a term ufed by authors, in diftinction from puteufy to exprefs the feveral forts of pafl'ages and cuts in thefe fubterranean works. The cuniculi, are thofe direct pafl'ages in mines, where they walk on horizontally ; but the put el, are the perpendicular cuts or defcents. The miners in Germany call thefe by the nmnesjlollen and febachts ; the firft word exprefling the horizontal, and the other the perpendi- cular cuts. It is an obfervation with our miners, that the damps fo much dreaded in all mines, happen generally in the horizontal cuts ; but Dr. Brown, in his examination of the gold and filver mines in Hungary obferves, that they as often happen there in the putei or febachts, as in the cuniculi of Jhllen. Another obfervation as to damps with us is, that they are moft frequent in clayey and foft places under ground ; but in thofe mines they are as frequent where the matter is hard ftone; and one of the moft mifchievous that had then lately happened, was in a place every way furround- ed with ftone fo hard, that the tools of the miners could fcarce work through it ; and the defcent had, in the very fpot where the damp was, been made by means of gunpowder. In fome of the cuniculi in thefe mines, there are damps that regularly return on certain occafions ; as if the lower end of the cuniculus be filled up with water ; certain parts in ■yotng to it are always affected with damps, which will put out a lamp or candle the moment it enters them, and often do great mifchief to the miners in pafling them. Phil.Tranf.N 48.
CUNILA bubula, in botany, a name by which Pliny, and fome other authors, have called the wild marjoram or origanum. C. Bauhin Pin. p. 223.
CUNILAGO, in botany, is ufed by fome authors for the coryza. Ger. Emac. Ind. z.
CUNVILLET, in zoology, the name commonly given in Cornwall, and fome other neighbouring counties, to the are- nana or fanderling. See Arenarta,
1 CUOGOLO,
