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never appears with us, except in very hard winters. On the coafts of Norway, there are large flocks, of it. Ray's Orni- thoiog. p. 278. Hook-bilPd DvcKy Anas rojlro adunco, it is of the fhape and fize of the common Duck, but differs from it in the fhape of the bill, which is fomewhat longer and hooked downwards ; and in the head, which is (mailer and flenderer. See Ray's Orni- tholog. p. 294. St. Cuthbert's Duck, Anas St. Guthbsrti, the name of a fpecies of Duck, feeming to be the fame with the Eider of Wormius, and other authors. The male is black and white, the fe- male all brown. See Cuthbert and Eider. lufied Duck, a fpecies of Duck with a black head; otherwife called Capo Negro. See Capo Negro.
There are four other fpecies of Duck, under the following, de- nominations, viz. Anas Clypeata, a fpecies of Duck, called in Englifh the Shovc- ler. It has both thefe names from the remarkable fhape of its beak, which is broad, and rounded and hallowed at the ex- tremity. See the article Shoveler. Anas fijlularis, a name given by many to the common wigeon, more generally known by the name Penelope. See Penelope. Anas Strepera, in zoology, a name by which fome authors have called the Gadwatt or grey, a fmall fpecies of wild Duck. See Gadwall. Anas Platyrinchos, a name given by Aldrovand and feveral other authors, to a fpecies of fea Duck, more commonly known by the name of Clangula, and called in Englifh the Golden Eye. Aldrovand. Hift. p. 225. See Clangula. DUCKUP, a word ufed at fea by the fteerfman, or he that is at the helm, when cither main-fail, fore-fail, or fprit-fail hinder his fight fo, that he cannot fee to fteer by a land-mark, or the like ; for then his word is, Duckup the clew lines of thofe fails : and as to the fprit-fail, when a {hot is to be made by a chafe-piece, and the clew of that fail hinders the fight, they fay, Duckup the clew lines of the fprit-fail, that is, hale the fail out of the way. DUCTUS (Cycl)— Ductus pneumaticus, in ichthyology, the name of a certain dudf. or canal, found in all thofe fifh, which have an air-bladder, reaching from that bladder to the orifice of the ftomach, or fome other part of it. This Duel is va- rioufly fituated in the different kinds. In fome, as in the Am- ple bladders, it arifes from their top or fummit, and enters the orifice of the ftomach. This is the cafe in the coregones, falmons, &c. In fome others, as the clupeae, it arifes from the middle of the fimple bladder, and is inferted in the lower part or fundus of the ftomach. In the double bladders, it generally arifes from the beginning of the loweft lobe, and en- ters the ftomach at the diaphragm, this is the cafe in all the cyprini. The ufe of this pneumatic duel or canal, is evidently to admit the air from the ftomach into the bladder, deftined to receive it, in which it is retained, and which ferves by its greater lightnefs than water, fo far to balance the over-weight of the bones and mufcular flefh of the fifh, that it can re- main fufpended by means of it at any depth. The pleuronecti and fuch other fifties as have no air bladder, have no trace of this duct, and they always remain at the bottom of the wa- ter; and even thofe which have it may be reduced to the fame ftate, by piercing it through with a needle, in which cafe the fifti can no more rife to the top of the water, but creeps as it were about the bottom continually. Artedi Ichthyolog. Ductus Roriferus, in anatomy, the fame with Ductus Chyli-
ferus. See Thoracic Duct, Cycl. DUKE {Cycl.) — Duke, among Hebrew grammarians, is an appellation given to a fpecies of accents anfwering to our com- ma. See Accent, Cycl. DULCICHNIUM, in botany, a name given by fome authors
to the cyperus dulcis, or fweet cyperus. Ger, Emac. Ind. 2. DULCINO, in the Italian mufic, a wind inftrument, other- wife called ^uart -fagotto. It ferves for tenor to the hautboy, and is no more than a little baflbon. BrojJ. Diet. Muf. in voc. DULEDGE, in gunnery, a peg of wood which joins the ends of the fix fellows, which form the round of the wheel of a gun-carriage ; and the joint is ftrengthened on the outfide of the wheel by a ftrong plate of iron, called the Duledge plate. DULKAK, among Arabian writers, a fabulous fea monfter in form of a man riding on an oftrich, which attacks fhips, and fights with the men on board. Hofm. Lex. in voc. DULL, in the manege. The common marks of a dull, ftupid horfe, are white fpots round the eye, and on the tip of the nofe, upon any general colour whatever. Though the vulgar take thefe fpots for figns of ftupidity, yet it is certain they are marks of the goodnefs of a horfe ; and fuch horfes as have them, are very fenfible and quick upon the fpur. The French call thefe fpots Marques de Ladre. Guillet. DULMA, a Turkifh difh made of any vegetable, as cucum- bers, onions, cabbage leaves, &c. fluffed with forced meat. Pocock\ Egypt, p. 183. DULNESS of hearing. See the article Hearing. DULWICH Water, a well known mineral water near Lon- don. It contains a kind of cathartic bitter fait. It feems not to have any iron in it. Phil. Tranf. N° 461. §. 22. 2
DUN
DUM non fuit compos mentis, in law, a writ that lies for one who aliens any lands or tenements while not of found memo- ry or judgment, in order to recover the fame from the AU&ce againft whom the writ is taken,
Dum fuit infra atatem, in law, a writ which lies for him who before he came to full age, made a feoffment of his land to recover it again of the Vendee. Fitz. Nat. Br. fol, 102.
DUNDIVER, in zoology, the name of a water fowl, efteemed a diftinct fpecies of bird, not only by -the vulgar, but by the generality of authors, but being in reality no other than the fe- male merganfer or goofander. It is very different from the male in colour, its head being of a dusky reddifh brown. It has a fine creft behind its head, and is fo large as ufually to weigh four pounds and a half. Its back is all over of a pale grey ; its breaft and belly are of a pale afh colour. The wings both in this and in the male are very fhort in proportion to the fize of the body, yet they fly along the (iirface of the water very fwiftly. Ray's Ornitheol. p. 253.
DUNG, in agriculture, &c. All kinds of Dung contain fome mat ter, which when mixed with the foil ferments therein, and by that fermentation, diflblves the texture of the earth, and di- vides and crumbles its particles very much. This is the real ufe of Dung in agriculture, for as to the pure earthy part of it, the quantity is fo very fmall, that after a perfect putrefadtion,it bears an extremely inconfiderable proportion to that of the earth it is intended to manure. Tull's Husbandry. The fermenting quality of Dung is principally owing; to the falts it contains, and yet thofe or any other faits applied im- mediately to the roots of plants always deftroy them. This proves that the bufinefs of the Dung is not to nourifh but to divide and feparate that terreftrial matter, which is to afford the nourifhment to vegetables, through the mouths of their roots. And the acrimony of the falts of Dung is fo great, that the niceft managers of vegetables we have, the fflorifts) have wholly banifhed the ufe of it from their gardens. The ufe of Dung fhould be alfo forbid in kitchen- gardens, for it is poflible to fucceed full as well without it; and it gives an ill tafte to all the excellent roots and plants, that are to ftand in the earth in which it is an ingredient. The water of a cabbage raifed in a garden, manured with Dung, if boiled is of an intolerable ftink ; but this is not fo much owing to the nature of the plant, as of the manure ufed to it ; for a field- cabbage being boiled, the water has fcarce any fmell, and what it has, is not difagreeable.
It is alfo a well known fait in the country, that a carrot rats'd in a garden, has nothing of that fweet flavour, that fuch as grow in the fields have, but in the place of this natural re- lifh, the garden one has a compound tafte, in which the mat- ter of the manure has no fmall fhare. And there is the fame fort of difference in the tafte of all roots, nouriihed with fuch different diet. Dung not only fpoils the flavour of the efcu- lent vegetables, but it fpoils the drinkables into the original compofition of which it enters : they are obliged to ufe Dung to the poor vineyards in Languedoc, and the confequence is, that the wine is naufeous. The poor who only raife a few vines for the wine they drink themfelves, and cannot be at the expence of this manure, have the lefs of it, but then it is bet- ter by many degrees than the other : and it is a general obfer- vation which the French exprefs in thefe words, that the poor people's wine in Languedoc, is the beft, becaufe they carry no Dung into their vineyards. Tull's Horfehoing Husbandry, p. 20. Another difadvantage attending the ufe of Dung is, that it gives rife to worms. It is for this reafon, that garden carrots are generally worm eaten, and field carrots found ; and the fame obfervation will hold good in other vegetables, in the field and in the garden. Vegetable and animal Dung are in fact only the putrefaction of earth, after it has been altered by palling through vegetable or animal veflels. Vegetable Dung, unlcfs the vegetable be buried alive in the foil, makes a much lefs fer- ment in it, than animal Dung does: but the Dung or putrid matter of vegetables is much more eligible and wholefome for the efculent roots and plants, than that of animals is. Veno- mous animals are found to be very fond of Dung, and are brought into gardens by the fmell of the Dung ufed in them as manure. The fnakes ufually frequent Dung-hills, and lay their eggs in them; and gardens where Dung is much ufed, are always frequented by toads; whereas the fields where roots are planted, are much lefs infefted by them. However unneccfTary and prejudicial Dung is in gardens, it is however very necefiary in the corn fields, and little can be done without it in the old method of husbandry. Dung is not fo injurious in fields as in gardens, becaufe it is ufed in much fmaller quantities in proportion to the quantity of foil, and cabbages, turnips, potatoes and other things growing in fields, and intended only for the food of cattle, will not be injured by Dung, tillage, and hoeing all together; for the crops will by this means be the greater, and the cattle will like the food never the worfe. _ Dung is very beneficial in giving large crops of wheat; and it is found by experience, that the country farmers at a diftance from a large town, can never have fo good crops by alt his tillage, as thofe who live in the neigh- bourhood of cities, where Dung is produced in great plenty,
and
