ESS
This grows to more than two feet in length; the mouth opens Very wide, and the fcales ftand very thick and clofe, and in a very beautiful order. Artedt^ Gen. Pifc. 10. The word Efox is truly Roman. Pliny, and other of the an- tient Latin authors, have ufed it as the name of the fame fifti. It feerns to have been derived from the vei'b EJito^ to eat ; for all the fpecics of this fi{h are very voracious.
ESPALIERS, (Cyd.) in gardening, arc rows of trees planted in the manner of hedges ; either to furround a whole garden, or the feveral quarters of it. They are trained up flat and in a clofe hedge, and fcrve not only for fruit bearing, but alfo to fhelter and defend the tenderer plants kept within the quarters. They are molt commonlymade of fruit trees trained up to a lat- tice of wood-work, formed cither out of afh-poles, or fquare pieces of fir-wood, and their moft ufual office is the flickering, and at the fame time hiding the quarters of kitchen-gardening. The trees principally planted for Efpaliers now, are apples and pears and fome plumbs. The apples intended for Efpaliers, fhould be grafted on crab-ftocks, for large gardens, and for fmaller on codling- ftocks. The trees for the fame hedge in an Efpalier, fhould be all fuch as are of the fame age, from the grafting ; and produced from the fame ftocks, that fo the hedge may be the more regular. The more quick-growing, and fpreading ones, muft be planted at twenty-two feet afun- der, and thofe of fmaller growth, at fixtcen or eigtheen ; the Walk between them in a large garden fhould be fixteen feet wide, and if the Efpaliers are intended to be carried up high, it fhould be more, that both hedges may have the benefit of the fun.
The beft forts of apples for Efpaliers, are the golden pippen, the nonpareil, the rennet grife, the aromatic pippen, the Holland pippen, the French pippen, Wheeler's ruflet, and Pile's ruflet ; for the naming and pruning of thefe trees, fee the ar- ticles Pruning and Apples.
The pears fitteft for Efpaliers, are the fummer and autumn kind ; for the winter ones never fucceed well. Thefe, if de- signed for a ftrong moift foil, fhould be on quince ftocks ; but if for a dry foil, more free ftocks fhould be chofen. The dis- tance for pears grafted on free ftocks fhould be eighteen feet, and for the moft vigorous fhooters, it ought to be twenty- five feet. And the beft kinds of pears for this purpofe, are the jargonelle, the blenquette, the poire fans peau, the fum- mer boncretien, Humbden's bergamot, the poire du prince, burre du roy, the St. Michael, the le marquis, the monfieur Jean, and the crcfTane.
The third year after the trees are planted, the frame-work of the Efpalier fhould be made. Till this time the young fhoots fhould only be trained to upright flakes, nailing them with lift to different heights of thefe, as nearly as can be in an ho- rizontal direction. The beft way of making the wood-work is of afh-poles, which are not only cheap, but ftrong and du- rable ; the branches are all to be trained horizontally to thefe, and none fhould be fuffered to crofs one another, nor to come too near. In the trees which produce large fruit, no branches ought to be nearer to each other than eight inches, in the fmaller fruited ones five or fix inches is fufficient ; the advantages of the trees planted in Efpaliers, over thofe propagated as dwarfs, in the place of which thefe have been introduced, are many and very great. They take up very little room in a garden, and are of no injury to the plants cultivated in the quarters ; and the fruit is always more regularly ripened and better tafted, as the fun and air can have every way free accefs to it. Mil- ler 9 & Gardners Diet.
ESPHLASIS, a term ufed by the old writers in medicine, for the receding inward of the fkull in depreffions from con- tusions.
ESPLEES, Expletia-, from Expleo, inlaw, the produces which ground or land, &c. yield ; as the hay of the meadows, the herbage of the pafture, corn of the arable, rents, fervices, ©V. and of an advowfon, the taking of tithes in grofs by the parfon ; of wood, the felling of wood ; of an orchard, the fruit growing there ; of a mill, the taking of toll, 6V. Thefe and fuch like iffues are termed Efplees. And it is obferved, that in a writ of right of land, advowfon, &e. the demandant ought to allcdge in his count, that he or his anceftors took the Efplees of the thing in demand ; otherwife the pleading will not be good. Terms de Ley, 310.
Sometimes this word hath been applied to the farm, or land, &c. themfelvcs — Domhms E. habebit omnia expletias £3" profi- cuade corona cmergentia. Plac. Pari. 30. Edw. 1.
ESPOUSALS, Sponfalia, in law, a contract or mutual promife between a man and a woman to marry each other. Marriage or matrimony is faid to be an Efpoitfal de prefenti. Wood's Inft. 57.
ESQUIAVINE, in the manege, an old French word fignifying a long and fevere chaftifement of a horfe in training him.
ESS ATUM, a word ufed by fome of the chemical writers, to ex- prefs the medicinal power or fanative property rending in fimple medicines.
ESSAY fCycl.) — TLsSAY-Hatcb, is the miners term for a little trench or hole, which they dig to fearch foxflwad or ore. See Tin.
ESSEDARIUS, among the Romans, a gladiator, who fought in a car, or chariot. SecHift. Acad. Infcript.Vol,2. p. 376. feq.
ESS
ESSENCE (Cyd.)— Ess-ekce sf Whit, a term ufed by Para- celfus, and fome of the German chemifts i'mce his time to exprefs what is called fometimes the philolbphical rpirtt of wine, or the fpirit of wine of the antients. It is not a diftaied fpirit like what we call fpirit of wine, but approaches more to what Stahl has greatly recommended to the world, under the name of concentrated wine, or wine whofe ftrength has been reduced to a fmaller compafs, by the feparating its aqueous part only byfreezing. Stahl recommends the immediately expoftno- wine to the frofty air on this occafion, but the procefs ordered by Paracelfus for the preparation of this liquor is more tedious. He orders that the fineft and beft flavoured wine be chofen, that it be put into a glals filling it up three parts in four, and the neck being then fealed hermetically, it is to be put into horfe dung for three months, and then expofed to the frofty air for a month, after which the ice is to be thrown away, and the liquid part, which is the Eflence, preferved. o'/Ws Che- mical Efl'ays.
ESSENDO ghtietum de Tollenic, in law, a writ to be quit of toll, and lies for citizens and burgefles of any city or town that by charter or prefcription ought to be exempted from toll, where the fame is cxafled of them. Reg. Orig. 258.
ESSENTIA Dulcis, in chemiftry, a name given by Kunkel, and fome others of the German authors, to a menftruum of which they relate wonderful effefls: but -the preparation of which feems hitherto a fecrct. They fay this menftruum has nothing acid or corrofivc in it, but that it approaches to the nature of fpirit of Wine, yet, that it is capable of diffolving the moft denfe metals, and of converting any of them into a pure white fait, which has all their virtues, but nothing of that vi- triolic acrimony, which they have when prepared the com- mon way. The falts of mercury and of gold thus prepared, have great praifes bellowed on them, and are faid to cure epi- lepfies, the venereal difeafe, and many other diftempers, without any violence or danger. Kunkel, de Salis Metal. See the article Metal.
ESSENTIAL Oils. See Oils Effential.
ESSERE, Sora, and Sake, in medicine, are little pufhes or wheals, fomcthing red and hard, which quickly infect the whole body with a violent itching, as if one were ftung with bees, wafps, flics, or nettles ; yet they vanilh after a little time, and leave the flan as fmooth and well-coloured as be- fore. It differs from an Ephiyitis in this, that an Epinyiiis
rcer e rS°rfc. m - aUcr ' but an E Jl"' e does not - Slancard.
JioS.LIbOKS, in law, pcrfons appointed by a court of law, to whom a writ of venire facias is dirt-fled, to impanel a jury, on challenge to the fheriffand coroners. They are to return the writ in their own names, with a panel of the jurors names. 15. Edw.is.. 24.pl. 4.
ESSOIN (Cycl.)— Essoin de male VilU, in law, is when the defendant is in court the firft day, but gone without pleading : and being afterwards furprized with ficknefs, &c. cannot at- tend, but lends two EJfoiners, who openly proteft in court that he is detained by ficknefs in fuch a village, that he cannot come, pro lucrari iff pre perdere ; and this will be admitted : for it heth on the plaintiff to prove whether the Effoin is true or not. . ■"
ESTABLISHMENT of Dower, in law, is the affurance and fettlement of Dower, made to the wife by the hufband, on marriage : and ajjignment of dower, fignifies the fetting it out by the heir afterwards, according to the EJlabliJbmcnt. Brit cap. 102, 103.
ES I'ACHE is ufed, in our old writers, for a bridge, or flank of Hone and timber. Cowel.
ESTERL1NG Money. SeeSTERLlNG, Cycl.
ESTLEA, &«.«, in antiquity, folemn facrifices toVeffa, called in Greek E,~.«, of which it was unlawful to carry any away, or communicate any part to any befides the worihippcrs. Pc't Archacol. Grsec. 1. 2. c. 20. T. 1. p. 396.
ESTIA1 ORES, Er.«To fi f, among the Athenians, perfons ap-
• pointed by lot to provide an entertainment for the whole tribe. Befides thole appointed by lot to this office, others voluntarily undertook it to ingratiate themfelves. Pottir Arcbaeol. Grac. I. 1. c. 15. T. 1. p. 86.
ESTIMIONE, in natural hiftory, a name by which fome call the harmefion. See Harmesion.
ESTIVAL Occident. See Occident.
Estival Orient. See Orient.
ESI RAC, in the manege, fignifies a horfe that is light bodied,
_ lank bellied, thin flanked, and narrow cheftcd. See~BELLY.
ESTRAPADE, in the manege, is the defence of a horfe that will not obey, but to get rid of his rider, riles mightily before, and while his fore hand is yet in the air, yerks furioutly with his hind legs, ftriking higher than his head was before ; and during this countertime goes back rather than advances.
ESULA, (Cycl.) in botany, a name given by many authors to fome of the fmall (pedes of fpurge. See the article Tl- tmymalus.
Esula Rare, in botany, a name given bv John Bauhine and feveral other authors to a plant, called alfo by fome alyfum, but properly a fpecics of dog's bane, and diftinguifhcd by Mr. 1 ourncfort by the name of apocynum maritimum venetum Jahas fo/10 fore purpurea, or the purple flowered fea dog's bane of Venice with willow like leaves. See Apocynum.
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