F O W
The damages occafioned by running yW, are of the nature of thofe in which both parties muft bear a part ; they are ufualiy made half to fall upon the fufferer, and half upon the veiTel which did the injury: but in cafes where it is evidently the fault of the mafter of the veffel, he alon'e is to bear the da- mage. Savary, Difl. Comm.
FOULNESS in wounds. When what the furg'eons call uhclean- nefs or feuhefs is perceived in a wound, that is, when the ffem in it, looks fungous, black, putrid or livid, it muft be well
- cleanfed before any attempts are made to heal it. Different
methods of effecting this, have been in ufe at different times among the furgeons : the antients ufed honey, but the moft ufual practice now is, to apply a digeftive ointment made of turpentine diflblved in the yolk of an egg, and afterwards mixed with honey of rofes ; but where this is not found ftrong enough for the purpofe, the Egyptian ointment is to be ufed, mixed either with fpirit of wine, or with the common digef- tive. To thefe digeftive ointments, a finall quantity of aloes and myrrh may alfo very properly be added, and where more ftrength is required in them a fmall quantity of red precipi- tate is to be added. The ufe of lime water as a detergent is alfo very great, and yet more fo, if there be added to every
- pint of it twenty or thirty grains of fubhmate; this makes
what is called the phagedenic water. Applications of this kind, are to be continued till the wound is entirely clean, and then it is to be healed with the common digeftives, &c. Heifer's Surg. p. 42.
FOUMART, a name ufed in fome parts of England for the weafel, called alfo in fome places, the JitcbetU See Mus-
TELA.
FOUNDAY, in metallurgy, a term ufed by the workers at the iron mines, in many counties of England, for the fpace of fix days, in which time, they contrive to make a deter- minate quantity of iron, fo that they count their work by thefe foundays or weeks. Ray's Englifh Words, p. 126.
FOUNDER, (CycL) in glafs-making, is a term appropriated to the green-glafs-boufes, and is the perfon there, who in the fame office in the white -glafs-making is called the conciator. He weighs and proportions the feveral ingredients for glafs, and calcines them into fire, from which Itate they are to be run into glafs. Ncrioi Glafs, p. 240.
¥OUK- corners, in the manege, or to work upon the four-corn- ers, is to divide in imagination the volt or round into four quarters ; fo that upon each of thefe quarters, the horfe makes a round or two at trot or gallop ; and when he has done fo upon each quarter, he has made the four corners.
FOURTH (CycL) ~ Some modern muficians have doubted whether the fourth mould be received among the number of concords, or not a. The antients exprefsly admitted it as fuch ; and Andreas Papius wrote a treatife againft thofe mo- derns who rejecT: it K [» Merfen. Harm. 1. 4. prop. 8. b Wallis Append. Ptolem. Harm. p. 182.]
Diminijhed Fourth, in mufic. See Diminished fourth.
FOWL {CycL) — The fea fowls which come on more in im- menfe numbers to rooft, in the north iflands of Scotland, fet their watches and centinels at diftant potts, to give them notice of any danger ; on the leaft alarm from thefe, the whole body rifes, but without fuch notice they are not to be alarmed by almoft any thing. The people of the country know this, and when they go out to take them, they employ all their art to take the centinels without noife ; this they foinetimes fucceed in, and when they do, they often after- wards catch three hundred of the others, or more, in one night. Philof. Tranf. N°. 233.
The laying of thefe fea birds is lefs certain as to time than might be imagined. They can occafionally defer it ; and as they ufualiy lay in a rainy feafon, if the rain does not come on at the ufual time, they will defer it fome weeks; and if the April moon goes far in May, that alfo has been obferved to hinder them from laying ten or twelve days longer than or- dinary. See Bird.
The belly of a living fowl being ript up, the creature is thus applied to a part bit by a rattle-fnake, to draw out fome of the poifon. It feems to have fome effect this way. We find an infiance in the Philofophical Tranfaitions a , where a fowl thus applied to a hand bit by that moft venomous fnake, immediately i "welled, grew black and flunk. [ a N?. 479. p. 144.]
Water J? owl. The Ceilonefe have great plenty of water fowl wild on their ifland, and have a very remarkable way of catch- ing them, which is this ; the fowler enters a lake or other water which has a good bottom, and is not very deep, he puts an earthen pot upon his head, in which there are bored holes, thro - * which he can fee ; he keeps himfelf fo bent down in the water, that only the pot is above the furface ; in this manner he enters the place where the wild fowl are in clutters, and they think it is only fome floating block. He then takes fome one by the legs and' gently draws it under water, and wrings its neck till he has killed it ; then putting it into his bag which is fattened about his middle, he takes hold of an- other in the fame manner, and fo on, till he has got as many 93 he can carry off, and then he goes back in the fame man-
F R A
her in which he came, rot difturbing the reft of the birds who never mifs their companions, but only fuppofe that they dive down for their diverfion, when the fowler pulls them under. In places where this has been pradlifed fo long or fo carelefsly that the birds are fhy, the fowler ufes a gun ; but this he does in the following manner. He makes a fcreen of about five foot high, and three foot wide, which he carries in one hand ftrait between himfelf and his game, and in the other hand his gun. The birds are not alarmed at what appears only a bufh; for this fcreen is always covered with branches of trees frefh cut down, and full of leaves, fo that the fponfman be-' hind advances as near as he pleafes, and then putting the zun thro' fome crevice of the fcreen he fires. See Water Fowl.
FOXGLOVE, Digitalis, in botany. Sec Digitalis.
There are feveral fpecies of this flower propagated \\\ gardens, to which they are a very great ornament. They are to be fown in March in a frefh foil, that is not too ftiff, and when the plants come up, they mould be tranfplanted into beds at fix inches diftance, where they may remain till the Michaelmas following, obferving to keep them clear from weeds, they are then to be tranfplanted into large borders, and in the May following they will produce their flowers. Thefe will continue a month or more in their beauty, and the feeds will ripen in Auguft, which if let alone, will fow thcmfelves, and fufficiently ftock a garden ; but fome of the fpecies, as the iron coloured one, if the ftalks be cut down as foon as it has flowered, will fhoot again from the root and continue ; thefe may be afterwards propagated by parting the roots. Millars Gard. Di£t.
Foxglove, in medicine, is efteerned deterfive and laxative, but feldom prefcribed inwardly. It is alfo a noted vulnerarv, the ungentum digitale, taking its name from it. Vid. Leme- ry and "James, in voc. Digitalis.
FOYNA, in zoology, a name given by many to the martin or martes, an animal of the weafel kind, common with us. See the article Martes.
FRACHES, in the glafs trade, are the flat iron pans into which the glafs veftels already formed are put, when in the tower over the working furnace, and by means of which, they are drawn out thro' the leers, that they may he taken gradually from the fire, and cool by degrees. Neri of Glals, p. 244.
FRACTURES (CycL)— Thefe may be diftinguifhed into feveral clafles or fpecies. Firft every fraSlure is either fvnple, that is, when no other parts befide the bone are injured ; or compound, that is, when you have at the fame time a wound, a dislocati- on, haemorrhage, inflammation, fever, caries or contufion of the bone j or where the bone is fractured in feveral places at the fame time. Other differences arife with regard to the fituation of the fracfure, and from its pofitiun : fome are tranfverfe, others oblique ; in which cafe it frequently hap- pens, that the points of the bones wound or pufh themfelves thro' the neighbouring parts. Violent contufions alfo may be clafled under the head of fratlures ; for in thefe the bones are frequently broken into fplinters, by the falling of any heavy body upon the part, or other fuch accidents. When the fi- tuation of the bone is not altered by a fraSlure, or the broken parts ftart very little from their proper fituation, they are much eafier replaced than when they are entirely feparated from one another, and a great fpace intervenes between them. Tranf veife fratlures admit of an eafier cure than oblique ones. When two bones of the fame limb are fractured, the cure is ufualiy much more difficult, than when only one is. When the bone is broken into feveral pieces, the patient feldom efcapes a gangrene, at leaft the cure in thefe cafes requires a longer time, and the limb feldom recovers its true fhape. When the broken bones are inftantly reduced, the cure will be much fooner performed, than when they have been fome time feparated. Fratlures in the neighbourhood of parts of great confequence to the animal ceconomy, are always attended with great danger ; fuch are fratlures of the cranium from the vicinity of the brain j of the vertebra;, from the medulla fpinalis ; and of the ribs, or fternum, or the ofla ilei and pu- bis, from the fituation of the vifcera of the thorax and abdo- men. Fratlures of the bones to which the larger arteries are connected, are alfo very dangerous ; more particularly, when one fplinter or point of the bone vellicates or wounds large vefTels, or when the bone is broken into feveral fragments, the confequences are generally inflammations, fuppurations, or fiftula;, which will admit of no remedy, till the fplinter of the bone is removed. Fratlures proceeding from internal dis- orders or caries of the bones, as fuch fbmetimes happen, are cu- red with much more difficulty, than thofe arifmg from externa] injuries ; nay this indeed, is frequently an incurable cafe, un- lefs the internal caufe be firft removed. This is ufualiy either a fcorbutic habit of body, or a venereal taint. When a lar^e piece of the bone is driven away by a pittol or musket ball, the limb muft be taken off, for the two ends of the bone are never likely to unite, unlefs it be a Very fmall piece that is thus taken away, for in that cafe the bone will fometimes join, but then the limb always becomes fomething (hotter than it was before. When the blood mfmuates itfdf by a
fiiluie
