GAL
its breaft and belly are white ; its back covered with long | feathers, which are variegated with black and a redifh brown ; its tail is fhort, and hid by the wings when folded ; it has a line of a redifh white running along the middle of the head ; its beak is about three fingers breadth long, and is black at the end, and has feveral rough tubercles on it. Ray's Orni- tholog. p. 2r4. GALLINE, in ichthyology, a name given by the Maffilians to the flying fifn called by authors, milvus and lucerna. It is a fpecies of trigfc and is diftinguifhed by Artedi, by the name of the trigla; with the fnout fomewhat bifid at the end-, and the lateral lines forked towards the tail. See the ar-
GALLING (Cycl.) Good horfes are often fubjeft to gall upon their backs, and the utmoft care ought to be taken to pre- vent or cure it. The beft methods of prevention is to take a hind's fkin, well furniflied with hair, and fit it neatly beneath the panne! of the faddle, fo that the hairy fide may be next the horfe ; this does not harden by fweat, but keeps the horfc from galling. This is alfo a method that mould never be omitted with horfes that are newly cured of fuch a hurt, as it will prevent their falling into it again. In long journeys, and in horfes that are fubject to gall, it is always proper to take off the faddle, as foon as the horfe is brought in, and examine whether the back be at all prefl'ed, or pinched in any part: it will be well to re-examine it after an hour or two, to fee what effect the Handing has had, for often the part hurt will not mew it at firft, but will fwell very vio- lently afterwards. Irt this cafe, where the fkin is not fretted, but a fwellrag comes on, a bag of coarfc cloth fhould be filled with warm dung, and ty'd upon the fwelling, which will not only prevent it from growing worfe, but will take it often quite down ; or the fwelling may be well rubbed with good brandy, laying on a paper foaked in it. If the fkin be broken, a mixture of red wine and fallad oil is a good re- medy.
GALLINULA, in zoology, the name of a genus of birds ■which fwim on the water, and yet have not webbed feet, nor any membranes joined to their toes, to augment their breadth. The common moorhen, and a great number of other birds, both Englifh and exotic, are of this genus, as the water rail, the grinetta, the ochropus, and feveral Brafilian birds.
Gallinula cerythrspusj in zoology, a name given by many authors to the bird commonly called in Englifh the red-fhank. Aldrovand de Avib. L 28. c. 96. See Red-shank.
Gallinula bypolcucos^ in zoology, a name given by fome authors to the becafline, or, as we call it in Englifh, the fand- piper. Gefner de Avib. See Sandpiper.
Gallinula melampus, in zoology* a name given by Gefner, and fome others, to the bird more ufually known by its Ger- man name, rotknuflel. Aldrovand de Avibi 1. 20. c. 45. See
ROTKNUSSEL.
GaI.MK'ulA rbodopus, pbcenicopus, and ochropus, names by which Gefner, and fome others, have called the common tringaj a bird in which the legs are, at different ages, and in the different fexes, grcenifh, yellowifh, or redifh. Gefner de Avib. See Tringa.
Gallinula yiir/Vff, in zoology, a name given indifcriminately by many authors to the grinetta, and the water rail ; both birds of the moorhen kind, but fmaller than the common moorhen. Gsfnefde Avib. Aldrovaiidde Avib; See Rallus Aquaticus, and Grinetta.
GALLITRICHUM, in botany, a name by which feveral au- thors call the horminum fativum; or garden clarey; Ji Ban- bin, Vol. 3. p. 309. ■"'",*. - '
GALLIUM, ladies bedflraii), in the Linnrean fyftem of botany, a genus of plants taking in the gallium, or ladies bedftraw, and the cruciata, or crofswort of other authors. The cha- racters of it are thefe. The calyx is an extremely fmall pc- rianthum, divided into four fegments, and fituatcd on the germen ; the flower is compofed of one petal, which forms no tube, but is placed flatwife, and is divided into four feg- ments at its edge; the ftamina are four pointed filaments, fhorter than the flower ; the anthers are fimple ; the germen of the piftillum is doubled, and is placed below the recep- tacle of the flower ; the ftyle is flender, fomewhat bifid, and of the fame length with the ftamina ; the ftigmata are s'lobofe ; the fruit is compofed of two dry, globofe bodies, growing together, which do not adhere to things, as thofe of the aparine ; the feeds are fmgle, large, and kidney fafhioned. Linnai Gen. Plant, p. 24.
The characters of gallium, according to Tournefort, are thefe. The flower confifts of one leaf, fhaped like a bell, open at the mouth, and divided into feveral fegments; the cup changes into a dry fruit, confifting of two feeds, ufually of a lunated figure ; the leaves are neither rough, nor fo much as hairy, and are placed in form of ftars round the ftalks, at certain intervals, fewer or more of them, at each joint. The fpecies of gallium enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe. 1. The broad leaved branched mountain gallium. 2. The common white flowered gallium. 3. The common yellow gallium. 4. The pale yellow flowered gallium. 5. The narrow leaved mountain gallium,v?ith blackiib purple flowers. .4
GAM
6. The blue flowered upright field gallium. 7. The yellow annual Portugal gallium, S. The Portugal gallium, with, fmall verticillate yellow flowers. 9. The blueifh green leaved rock gallium. 10. The fmalleft, low, or dwarf rock gallium. 11. The leaft mofslike gallium of the Pyrenean mountains. 12, The white fine leaved French gallium. 13. The narrow leaved French gallium, with blackifh purple flowers. Tournef. Inft. p. 115.
The common gallium, or yellotv ladies ledftraw, which grows common every where with us under hedges, is an excellent aftringent.
GALLOPADE, in the manege. See Gallop, Cycl.
GALLOWS (Cycl.) — Gallows of a plow, a name given by our faritiers to a part of the common plow, from its refcmbling a gal- lows made for the execution of malefactors, in its form ; being compofed of three pieces of timber, one placed tranfverfely over the heads of the other two. The gallows are a part of the plow head ; they are fixed into the box of the plow, or that part through which the axis of the wheels paffes. 1 bey make an angle with the box inclining upwards. The upper, or tranfverfe piece is notched in feveral places, and ferves to fuftain the wilds, a pair of irons to which a ring and hooks are faftened, and to thefe the chains of the har- nefs, by which the whole plow is drawn along. In fome other parts of England they call this whole part of the plow the three pieces, being iron inftead of timber, by the name of the wilds ; and the gallows of the plow is then the tranf- verfe piece at the top of the crowftaves. Tail's Hufbandry. See the articles Crowstaves and Plough.
GALLUS, the cock, in the Linnnean fyftem- of zoology, makes a diftindt genus of birds of the general order of the gallina; the diftinguifhing characters of which are, that the feet have each four toes, the front of th'e head has a comb, and the wattles are two, and are naked and flat. Linnm Syftem. Nat. p. 48.
Gallus Grunnlens, in zoology, the name of an Eaft Indian nih, approaching to the nature of the fcorpius marinus, and- called by the Dutch knonehaen. Its body is thick, and round- ed 1 its fkin is free from fcales, but rs very uneven,* full of tubercles, fpotted, and variegated with fhort ftreaks of a blackifh hue ; its head is large and thick, and very full of tubercles; its nofe large, its eyes red, and its tail obtufc ; its belly fins are red. It is a very well rafted fifh, and much valued there. When firft taken out of the water, it makes a very remarkable grunting noife. Ray's Ichthyog. p. 3.
Gallus marinus, in zoology, a name given by many writers to the fifh called in Englifh the doree, and more commonly known in Latin by the name faber. Gefner de Ac*uat. p. 439= See the article Faber.
Gallus ?narmus is alfo a name by which fome have called the fifh, more frequently known by the name of the crbis pifcisi See the article Oreis.
GALLY Worm, In zoology, an infect known by moft writers under the name jt/lus. It is a land infect with a long body, compofed of a great number of rings, and furnifhed with a great number of feet. It is found very frequently in gardens, and when touched, has the power of rolling itfelf up into a
■ ball. Ray's Hift. Infi p. 46.
It is efteemed a valuable medicine in the jaundice, and in fuppreflion of urine. Charlt. Exer; p.- 51. This animal is Very common with us among rubbifh, and is by fome referred to the fcolopendra-, but improperly ; for trip* they agree in the great number of legs, ours is a hanr.lefs animal, and the fcolopendr® are mifclnevous creatures, arm- ed with dangerous forceps. It is fitppofed by Lifter, that this creature, common with us, would on diftillation vield the fame fort of animal acid, that is procured from the ant. The reafon of the conjecture is, that the ant and this creature both agree in emitting a fharp and pungent fmell on being bruifed ; but thefe are not cafily procured in plenty enough to make the experiment, as they are not a gregarious infect like the ant. Pofliblv fome more of the infects may be found, on trial, to have the fame acid. Philof. Tranfaet. N°68.
GAMBETTA, in zoology, the name of a bird fomewhat re- fcmbling the common redfhank. Its head, neck and breaft are grey, full of brown fpots : thefe are larger on the back, and fmaller on the breaft and belly, and fmalleft of all on the head. Its whole back is of a grey, a little inclining to a redifh brown on the lower part of the back, and on the wings ; its belly is white, and its beak black. It is common in Italy, and fome other places, but is not known in Eng- land. Aldrovand de Avib. 1,20, and 26.
GAMBOGE. This gum, as it is ufually called, appears to be wholly refinous, or fulphureous ; fincc fpirit of wine difi- folves it almoft entirely, and water, though it fcparates its parts, and keeps them fufpended, yet does not diflolve them at all, nor is by any means a folvent for it : it is alfo in- flammable, and cafily melts with a very gentle heat. If mixed with an equal quantity of fait of tartar, it readily diflblves in common water, in a few hours digeftion ; this folution, if kept over the fire, foon becomes a fort of fmooth glue,^or jelly; and this, by adding a large quantity of water is ealily reduced into a red cleariiquor in a warm digeftion ; this liquor
evapo-
