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■all poffible means. Internally, gently laxative medicines ate to be given, (uch as the lenitive electuary and the like, with manna, fena, and other gentle purges ; then medicines which purify the bloud, and fuch as quiet its too violent emotions. .A tter the cure is completed, the beft method to prevent a return is bleeding in fpring and autumn, and applying leeches to the hemorrhoidal veins, at any time when threatened with a relapfe. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 240. Supprejftons 'of the Hemorrhoids. Phyficians confider the fup- prefiion of the Hemorrhoids in three refpects : 1. When they have never yet flowed at all, but all the attempts of nature are obferved toward their appearance, and all the preceding fymptoms of them feen. 2. When they have been ufed to to flow habitually, but their courfe has ufually been impeded by accidents ; this is often the cafe in what are called the blind piles. And, 3. When they have been ufed to flow regularly and well, and at Stated times, for a long courfe of time ; the fup- preflions in thefe different States are attended with different fymptoms and different diforders.
Signs of SuppreJJions of them. Thefe are frequently the com- mon hypocondriacal affections, firft appearing in pains and tenfion of the left hypocondrium, extending to the region of the loins. Thefe are fucceeded by fpaftic pains, violent co-
- lies, inflations of the fpleen, Teachings to vomit, obffinate coftivenefs, a hardnefs of the abdomen, and finally, infarc- tions and fchirrufes of the vifcera, melancholy, madnefs, and a vomiting of blood ; thefe are the fucceflion of fymptoms, which naturally attend fuppreflions of the internal Hartior- rhoids. The fuppreflions of the external are often violent fits of the gout, nephritic complaints, and the voiding of blood by urine ; add to thefe that the moft frequent fymptom attending the fuppreffion, either of the external or internal, is an afthmatic difficulty of breathing, often attended with a cough. The perfons moft fubject to thefe fuppreflions from natural caufes, are thofe of a melancholic difpofition, fuch as are eafily terrified, or grieved at trifles, and fuch as have fuddenly changed a life of labour into a fedentary one. Junker's Confp. Med. p. 84.
The internal and natural caufes of thefe fuppreflions are prin- cipally a thicknefs of the blood, or a violent orgaftic com- motion of it; the external and accidental caufes of it are the improper ufe of aflringent medicines, the drinking large draughts of cold liquors when very hot, a thick and heavy diet, and a too great coldnefs of the abdomen. This fup- preffion is ufually very difficult to be removed, but in general is found much more eafily to give way to medicines when owing to natural caufes than to accidental; and it is to be obferved, that a fuppreffion of them in their firft attack is lefs dangerous than when they have appeared.
Method of Cure. In cafes where the Hemorrhoids have never yet appeared, but only the antecedent fymptoms are perceived, great caution is neceflary to determine, from the habit and conftitution of the patient, whether it be proper to encourage and promote their appearance, and affift nature in the way fhe is endeavouring to eafe herfelf ; or whether it may not be better to carry off the redundant blood fome other way. If the body be in fuch a ftate as to promife a fuccefsful flux from them, it is to be promoted by gentle aperients ; but if other- wife, the blood is to be derived another way by bleeding in the arm, and the patient is to be ordered to ufe frequent ex- ercife. In cafes of fuppreflions of ufual and habitual fluxes of the Hemorrhoids, the fymptoms are to be firft alleviated by bleeding in the arm, then emollient clyfters are to be admi- niftred, fuch as chamomile flowers boiled in milk, and after thefe the quality of the blood is to be amended by proper in- ternal medicines, its violent emotions to be taken oft by nitre, abforbents, and the like, and its fpifli tude removed by attenuates. After this, its derivation to the proper parts is to be promoted by gently ftimulating medicines ; fuch are aloes and all its pre- parations, particularly elixir proprietatis ; and faffron and bo- rax may alfo be given in fmall dofes ; to this maybe added the ufe of ftimulating clyfters and acrid fuppofitorics, and the appli- cation of leeches to the parts. Junier*s Confp. Med. p. 87.
HjEMORRHOSCOPIA, an old term ufed by the writers in medicine to exprefs an examination of the blood drawn from a patient by phlebotomy, in order to judge of the nature of the difeafe by it.
H/EMOR RHOUS, the blood fnake, the name of a peculiar fpecies of ferpent; fo called, becaufe it was fuppofed, that on a perfon's being bit by it the blood flowed out of every part of the body. It is a fmall ferpent, feldom arriving to more than a foot long ; its eyes are remarkably vivid, bright, and fparkling, its fkin is veryglofly, and its back variegated with a great number of black and white fpots, its neck is very (lender, its tail extremely fharp, and it has a fort of fmall horns placed over its eyes : it is found in Egypt. There is alfo an American kind of this found in the fouthern parts, and called by the natives ahu- cyatli, which is larger than the other, and refembles the rat- tlesnake in many particulars, but wants the diftinguifhing character of the rattle in the tail. See Tab. of Quadrupeds and Serpents N°. 33. and Ray's Syn. An. p. 287.
HEMOSTASIA occurs in fome writers as the name of a difeafe occafioning fudden death ; and is faid to be a total Stagnation of the whole mafs of blood from a plethora.
H./EMOSTATICA, a name given, by fome authors, fo rne- dicines ufed to ftop haemorrhages, whether for internal taking, or external application.
H/EPHEST1TES Lapis, in natural hiftory, a name given, by authors, to a ftone of a reddifh colour, and capable of a high polifh. The antients gave it this name, from its pro- perty of fetting fire to dry fubftances by reflection, when formed into a concave fpeculum. They hence called it the Vulcanean ftone, or fire- ftone, not confidering that the Shape into which they formed it, and not the nature of the ftone, was the caufe of the effect.; any ftone being capable of the fame, if hard enough to bear a proper poliSh. About Hilder- fheim they have, at this time, a fort of blackifh-red coarfe
. jafper, which they take to be the Haphefiites of the antients, and ufe it, at this day, for the fame purpofes, hollowing large pieces of it into fpeculums, and fetting them, when well pohfh'd, in proper frames, and ufing them as burning glafTes. Beet, de Gemmis, 526.
H./ERETULA, in natural hiftory, a name given, by Mr. Lhuyd, to a ipecies of foffile oyfterShell. See the article fof- file Shells.
H/ERMIA, an Indian fruit, refembling pepper, efteemed good to Strengthen the Stomach, difperfe flatulencies, and reftore the uvula when relaxed.
HAFEHERT, in zoology, the name of a bird, defcribed by Hoier, which is feen ufually at fea, and is fuppofed to be a foreteller of Storms. It is of the fize of a common hen, and refembles the falcon in Shape. It is all over of a greyifh colour, variegated with fpots of white. Its beak is Strong and hooked like the falcons, but it is Shorter. The fifhermen dread the appearance of this bird, and at fight of it always make to Shoar as faft as poffible, expecting tempefts and bad weather. Ray's Ornithol. p. 36.
HAGA, in our old writers, has different fignifications. In domefday it is taken for a houfe in a city or borough. An antient anonymous author fays 'tis a houfe with a Shop, Da- mns cumjhopa. See Co. Litt. 56. Blount, Cotvel.
HAGABLTJM, in our old writers, the fame with gablum or gabel. Blount. SeeGABEL, Cycl.
HAGIAM, in the materia medica, a name given, by fome of the Arabian phyficians, to a kind of fchaenanth, or camel's hay. The Greeks made Several kinds of this, according to the places from whence they received it; the fchamanth of different countries differing in virtue : but the Perfian was, in many ages, efteemed the beft kind ; and this is probably what the Arabs called Hagiam. The interpreters of Avifenna leave this word wholly unexplained. Garcias, according to what Skill he had in the Arabic, fuppofes it the name of the city Damafcus, and given to fuch fchsnanth as came from that part of the world ; but this feems erroneous. The Arabs called all other nations barbarians ; and this term gentilifm or barbarifm, was, in their language, exprefied by the word Hagiam ; they hated the Perlians beyond all other nations in the world, and called them Hagiam by way of eminence, and therefore Hagiam and Perfian were a fort of Synony- mous words. It is probable they had their fchamanth prin- cipally from Perfia, and that this, whether better or worfe than the Nabataaan fchaenanth of their own country, was di- stinguished by the epithet of foreign, and that with the word by which they expreffed Perfian.
HAIHALEM Maovi, in botany, a name by which the mo- dern ./Egyptians call the plant we mime Jlr at iotes zndfemper- vivum aquaticum, the water Soldier and water houfeleef. The laft of thefe names Is a verbal translation of the ./Egyptian one. Some have fuppofed that the nilufar was called by this name by the antient /Egyptians, but this is an error; the plants are fo perfectly different from one another, that they have nothing but the growing in water in common between them. Prof- fer. Alpin.
HALT, a name ufed, by the Brafilians, for the animal we call the /loath, or ignavus. The word feems pronounced by the creature itfelf, as its common note, and thence became ufed as its name. Greiu's Muf. p. 11. SeeStOATH.
HAIL (Cycl.) — The mifchiefs that violent hail-ftorms are able to do, is fcarce to be conceived by any but thofe who have feen them. We have, in the philofophical tranfadtions, an account of a Storm of this kind in our own country, in which the cloud from which it defcended was of about two miles in diameter, and for that fpace immediately below it nothing was fpared ; it happened toward the latter end of April, and all forts of fowls were killed by it, and moft of the Smaller ani- mals, that happened to be out in it, Shared the fame fate; the windows in all the houfes thereabout were broken to pieces, and it plough'd up the earth, and cut down the blade of the green corn, fo as wholly to deftroy it. The bowling greens of foft mould were all torn up, and had the appearance of beds in a garden, ready for things to be fown in, and all the foft lands Shared the fame fate, where the grafs was not fo high as to prevent it, for the halftones came with fuch force, that they buried themfelves in the ground, and tore up large quantities of it in their way. They were of about five ounces weight each, and were irregular in their Shapes, fome being round, and others variously angular and crenated; but what was remarkable was, that every one of them had a piece of 2 fnov/ 3
