HAL
HAN
red circle, or areola, about the nipple, from its fimilitude to the circles formed round the fun and moon at certain times, and called Hakes.
HALOSACHNE, in the materia medica of the anticnts, was a name given to a peculiar fea fait, made by the evaporation of fmall quantities of fea water on rocks, by the fun's heat. It no way differed from the common fea fait in its qualities or properties, except that it did not crackle fo much in the fire ; and this was merely owing to its being compofed of finer par- ticles, and in form of a fort of powder, in which ftate even common fea fait will no more crepitate in the fire than this. iYr7/'sHift.ofFoff. p. 386*
Tho' this, however, was the common appearance of the Ha- hfaebney it was not its univerfal one ; for it was found fome- times concreted on, or embodied in the alcyonia, and other marine productions, and then appeared in a harder form.
HALOSANTHOS, Flower of Salt, in the materia medica of the antients, was a fubftance, tho' commonly fuppofed only an efflorefcence of common Salt, yet really a bituminous mat- ter mixed with fome particles of fait.
It was a tough, vifcous, and fatty fubftance, found fwimming on the waters of fome fprings and rivers, and was of a foft confidence, and of a yellow colour. And the fame fubftance is frill found in the fame places, and that not only yellow, but of various other colours, as blackifh, green, or blue. Thefe it takes up, according to the various earths it has walhed againft on the fhores, or the fubftances mixed among it at its original concretion. The defcription Diofcorides gives of it is very exprefs ; he fays it was found fwimming on the waters of the Nile, and fome lakes ; and was of a yellow colour, very fharp to the taftc, fattifh, and of an unpleafant fniell. This, tho' that author did not diftinguifh to what clafs of foflils it pro- perly belonged, is enough, however, to teach us what It truly was j and it is fomcthing wonderful, that thofe who have accounted it a Salt, fhould not obferve that the fame author adds, that it was folublc in oil, and not in water. Bill, Hift. Foff. p. 386.
HALTER, in the manege, a hcad-ltall for a horfe, of Hungary leather, mounted with one, and fometimes two ftraps, with a fecond throat band, if the horfe is apt to unhalter himfelf.
Halter-C^/?, is an excoriation of the partem, occafioncd by the halter's being entangled about the foot, upon the horfe's endeavouring to rub his neck with his hinder feet.
HALTEK-Strap or String a cord, or long ftrap of leather, made faft to the hcad-ttall, and to the manger, to tye the horfe.
HALTING (Cycl.) — Halting in a horfe, happens fometimes before, and fometimes behind ; if it be before, the ailment muft neceflarily be in the moulder, knee, pattern, flank, or foot. If it be in the moulder, it muft be toward the wi- thers, or the pitch of the moulder, and this may be known, in that he will a little draw his leg after him, and not ufe it fo nimbly as he does the other.
If he caft it more outward than the other in going, it is a fign of lamenefs, and that the caufe lies in the lhoulder ; the rider fhould then take him in his hand, and turn him fhort, firft one way, and then the other, and it will be eafily feen which moulder the pain is in, and he will either favour that leg, or trip in the turning. The lamenefs may be feen in him alfo while ftanding in the {fable, for he will there hold the lame le"- out more than the other. If lie is worft when the rider is on his back, it is a fign that the complaint is in the withers, and this may be foon tried, bv preffing down the faddlc, and pinching him in that part ; for if this he the cafe, he will flinch at it, and probably he will offer to bite.
If the complaint be feated in the knee, the only way of mak- ing this out, is in the going, for he will be feen to be ftiffof this, and not to move it fo freely as the other. If the complaint be in the flank, or fhin bone, it may be feen, or felt, being a hack fincw-ftrain, fplinter, or the like. If in the bending of the knee, it is a malander, and that alfo is eafily difcovcred. When the pattern, or lower joint, is af- fected, it will be feen by his not bending it fo freely as the other, and generally, if the hand be laid upon the place, it will be found to be very hot.
If the complaint be in the foot, it muft be fituated cither in the coronet or fole, and, if in the coronet, it probably came by fome ftrain or wrench. If in the hoof, by fome over- reach or diftempcr in or about the frufh. If it be in the fole, it probably arifes from fome nail or prick. Thefe are the methods of judging of the caufe of a horfe's halting* and that often leads very directly to the cure, when a great deal of time and coft might otherwife be thrown away in applying remedies, as has often been done to a part a yard or more dtftant from the feat of the diforder.
HAMAMELIS, in the Linnaean fyftem of botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which arc thefe : The cup is a four-leav'd perianthium, placed in an erect pofture, and compofed of oblong, obtufc, and equal leaves. The flower is compofed of four ftrait, very long, and equal leaves. The ftamina are four tapering filaments, of the length of the cup. The anthers: arc fimple. The germen of the piftil is oval and hairy, and ends in two ftyles, which are of the
length of the ftamina. The ftigmata are fimple. The fruit is a capfule divided into two cells, with two valves. The feed is fingle, fmooth, but of an oblong oval figure. Linsusi Gen. Plant, p. 54.
HAMBLING. See HaMeling, Cycl.
HAMFARE, in our old writers, a breach of the peace in a houfe. Brampton m Legibus, Hen. 1. c 80. Blount.
HAMMA, a word ufed, by fome chirurgical writers, for a knot that fattens a bandage-
HAMMER, in the manege. See Shoeing Hammer.
HAMMOCK (Cych)^Mr. Le Cat has contrived a Hammock of Turkey leather, which may be eafily raifed, or let down, With a fick perfon in it, by ropes and pullies. See Phil. Tranf. N°. 468. §. 3.
HAMMON, in the heathen mythology. See Chamos.
HAMMOSTEUS, the otteocolla of the {hops. See the article
OSTEOCOLLA.
HAMSOKEN, the liberty or privilege of a man's own houfe ; alfo a franehife granted to lords of manors, whereby they hold pleas, and take cognizance of the breach and violation of that immunity : And it likewife fignifies quietantiam miferi- cordice intr attorns in ahenam thmum vi & injufle. rleta, lib. cap. 47. In Scotland violations of this kind are equally punifhable with ravifhing a woman. Skene, And our old records exprefs burglary under the word Hamfocne, Blount. Cowel. in voc.
HANAB ALTHALEB, in the materia medica, a name ufed* by the antient Arabian writers, to exprefs the lycoperficum, or pomum amoris. The meaning of the name is the wolfs- grape ; and the Greeks have called it by an exactly corref- ponding term, lycoftaphylon. We generally call it lycoper- ficon, or the wolf's peach. Some have fuppofed this the name of a plant differing from the pomum amoris ; but it ap- pears, on a ftritt enquiry, to be wholly the fame. Some of the Greeks have ufed the word ftrychnus in this fenfc alone j and Alexander Trallian, in particular, always makes it the name of an efculent plant j but Diofcorides and Theophraft us ufe it as the common name of the efculent nightlhade, and of the poifonous kinds.
HAND (Cycl.) — Cartilages of the Hand. All the bones of the' carpus, metacarpus, and fingers, are crufted over with carti- lages, at thofe places called cartilaginous furfaces, in the de- fcriptions of thofe bones ; but in the frefh bones they are much thicker, fofter, and whiter, than in the fkeleton. In adult fubjects, their figure indeed remains the fame in both ftates, but it changes in the dried bones of younger fubjects, particu- larly thofe of children. IVinJlozv's Anatomy, p. 143.
Ligaments of the Hand. The ligaments of the carpus are very numerous. Some of them ferve to tie each bone of it to the neighbouring bones in the fame rank ; and thefe are Co very fhort as to allow thefe bones only a very fmall degree of mo- tion •> fome of them tie the bones of one row to thofe of an- other ; thefe are likewife made up of numbers of filaments, but are not fo fhort as the former, and allow thofe bones a more manifeft motion ; and laftly, there are other ligaments of the wrift, by which the three firft bones of the firft row are connected with thofe of the arm, and to thefe may be added thofe of the fecond row, by which its bones are connected to thofe of the metacarpus, and to the firft phalanx of the thumb. Bcfide all thefe ihort ligaments belonging to each bone, in both rows, the rough furfaces of all the bones, efpecially of thofe which form the convexity of the carpus, give infertion to a great many ligamentary fafciculi, which are ftretched over, and clofely united to the former fmall ligaments, and probably ferve to ftrcngthen them : There is likewife a confi- derable ligament, called the inner tranfverfe ligament of the carpus. It has formerly been called an annular ligament, and may ftill juftly enough retain that name. The bones of the metacarpus, befide thofe ligaments by which they are tied to the fecond row of the bones of the carpus, have feveral others by which both their bafes and heads are connected together. The bafes of the third and fourth bones are not fo clofely connected as the reft, and therefore have a very fenfible motion. The heads of thefe bones are firmly tied to each other by a ftrong ligament, fituated tranfverfely in the palm of the hand, and fixed, by diftinct productions, in the neighbouring parts of the heads. The firft phalanx of the thumb is fixed to the os trapezium by fhort ligaments which pafs obliquely over the articulation. The firft phalanges of the four fingers are joined to the heads of the metacarpal bones by ligaments like the former, and almoft in the fame manner. The third phalanx of the thumb is joined to the fecond, and the fecond phalanges of the other fingers to the firft, and the third to the fecond, by lateral ligaments, almoft in the fame manner as the bones of the fore arm to the os humeri ; that is, thefe ligaments fpread from a point fixed in the lateral tu- bercles of the heads of the phalanges, and are inferted in their other extremity like radii in the bafes of the neighbouring pha- langes. The two firft phalanges of each finger have a ftrong ligamentary vagina, inferted in the rough line or ridges, on their flat fides ; thefe vaginas are lined with a mucilaginous membrane, which runs like a tube from one phalanx to the other, over the articulation. Thefe ferve for fnena to the
flexor
