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and is of fuch a thievifh difpofition, that he will carry away much more than he can make any ufe of. There is a me- thod of deftroying this bird by a particular fort of fpringe, which is much practifed in fome parts of England, and is fo ufeful, that it ought to be made univerfal. The method is this : A ftake of about five foot long is to be driven firm- ly into the ground , and made fo faft that it cannot move, and fo fharp pointed at the top that the Jack-daw cannot reit upon it : Within a foot of the top there mult be a hole bored through it, of three quarters of an inch in diameter ; through this hole is to be put- a ftick of about eight inches long, then a horfc-hair fpringe or noofe is to be faftned to a thin hazel wand, and this brought up to the place where the fhort ftick is placed and carried with it thro' the hole : The remainder being left open under that ftick. The other end of the hazel rod is to be put through a hole in the ftake near the ground, and faftned there. The ftake is to be planted among the Jack-daws food, and he will naturally be led to fettle on it ; but finding the point too fharp he will defcend to the little crofs ftick ; this will link with his weight, and the fpringe will receive his leg and hold him faft.
JACKALL, in zoology, the name of a creature of the dog- kind, called by authors lupus aureus, the gold-coloured wolf, and by the modern Greeks Squilachi. It is (mailer than the wolf, and of a very beautiful yellow colour. Thefe ani- mals are always feen in large flocks together, not unfre- quently to the number of two hundred in a flock. It is a very thievifh animal, and will fteal people's things away while they fleep, even in the day-time, not fparing fuch as can be of no ufe to it, as their hats, fhoes, or the like. It is a very common creature in Cilicia, and is heard barking all night long. Raf& Syn. Quad. p. 174. Beilon. Obf. 1. 2. c. 108.
JACOBS A, Ragwort, in botany, the name of a genus of plants, the characters of which are thefe : The flower is radiated, and its difk is wholly made up of flofcules, its outer circle of femi- flofcules. Thefe all Hand upon the em- bryo feeds, and are contained in a tubular cup, divided into many fegments at the edge. The embryos- finally ripen in- to feeds, which are winged with down, and remain affixed to the thalamus of the flower. Tourn. Inft. p. 485. The fpecies of Ragwort enumerated by Mr. Tourncfort, are thefe: 1. The common jagged-leav'd Ragwort. 2. The common Ragwort, with leaves divided like thofe of the rocket. 3. The common Ragwort, with leaves like thofe of the raddifh. 4. The tall Portugal Ragwort, with finely divided leaves. 5. The broad-leav'd marfh or water Rag- wort. 6. The alpine Jacob&a, with roundifh ferrated leaves 7. The mountain Ragwort, with roundifh undivided leaves &. The mountain Jacob&a, with longifh undivided leaves, 9. The betony-leav'd mountain Jacob&a. 10. The moun- tain Jacob&a, with oblong ferrated leaves. 11. The tall marfh Jacob&a, with ferrated leaves. 12. The tall marfh Jacob&a, with leaves like the limonium. 13. The tall li- monium-Ieav'd marfh Jacob&a, with thick-fet flowers. 14. The woad-lcav'd Sicilian Jacob&a, 15. The Jacob&a, with bluifti green leaves like the cretic corn- mary gold. 16. The ox-eye flower' d Ragwort, with deeply divided leaves. 17. The rofemary-Icav'd Spanifh Jacob&a. 18 The umbellated annual Jacob&a, with deeply divided leaves 19. The perennial Ragwort, with hoary ground fcl like leaves. 20. The common groundfel-leav'd Jacob&a. 21. The fca Ragzvort, with thick Alining groundfel like leaves, 22. The Spanifh Jacob&a, with {lightly divided leaves and very fhort petals. 23. The Pannonian Jacob&a, called the hoarv Kinking and vifcid groundfel. 24. The mountain lanuginous Jacob&a, with narrow and not divided leaves.
25. The woolly fea Jacob&a, with broad undivided leaves.
26. The Jacob&a, with very large woolly leaves. 27. The common fea Jacob&a. 28. The hoary grey-Ieav'd fea Ja- cob&a. 29. The degenerate fea Jacob&a. 30. The dwarf wormwood-leav'd alpine Jacob&a. 31. The broad leav'd hoary ftone Pyrensean Jacob&a. 32. The Jacob&a, with thick undivided hawkweed leaves. 33. The pcach-Ieav'd Pyrenasan Jacob&a. 34. The large flowered fennel-leav'd Jacob&a. 35. The fmall flowered fennel-leav'd Jacob&a.
36. The fouthern-wood-leav'd fhrubby African Jacob&a.
37. The clary-leav'd fhrub African jacob&a. 38. The fonchus-lcav'd African Jacob&a. 39. The dandelion-leav'd African Jacob&a. 40. The wormwood-leav'd African Ja- cob&a. 41. The African Jacob&a, with undivided undu- lated and curled leaves. 42. The purple-flowered, broad- leav'd, jagged African Jacob&a. 43. The purple-flowered, 11 arrow- leav'd, jagged African Jacob&a. 44. The tuberofe- rooted African Jacob&a. 45. The American-tree Jacob&a, with large mining leaves like the elecampane. 46. The willow-leav'd Jacob&a, with hairy edges. 47. The hyperi- cum-leav'd procumbent American Jacob&a. Toum. Inft. p. 486. See Ragwort.
JACOBINE, the name of a particular fpecies of pigeon, . called by Moore the Columba Cyprla cucuUata. It is general- ly called the jack, for fliortnefs. It is, when genuine and of the true breed, the fmallcft of all pigeons. It has a - range of feathers inverted quite over the hinder part of its
head, and reaching down on each fide of the neck to the fhoulders of the wings, which forms a kind of friars-hood, from whence the bird has its name. The upper part of thefe feathers is called the hood, and the more compact thefe feathers are and the clofer to the head, fo much the more the bird is efteemed. , The lower part of this range of fea- thers we call the chain, the Dutch call it the cravat : This fpecies has alfo a fhort bill, and a pearly eye. The colour is various in the feathers ; there are reds, yellows, blues, blacks, and mottles ; but whatever is the general colour, th head, tail, and flight are white. Some pigeons of this fpe- cies are feather-legg'd, others are not, Moore's Columbarium, p. 46.
JACULUM, in zoology;, the name of a fpecies of fcrpent found in Rhodes, and fome other places, and more ufually called acontias. See the article Acontias.
JACUPEMA, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird of the pheafant kind, nearly as large as the common European hen-. Its tail is very broad, and ufually a foot lone. Its legs are long, and it is all over covered with brownifh black feathers. It can raife its head feathers into a fort of creff, which is bordered with white j the tips of the feather* which compoie it, being of that colour. Its throat near the head is naked, and has a red appendage like the wattles of a cock j and its belly is lightly variegated with white fpots. Its feet are of a fine red. It is a very Well tafted fowl, and is eafily kept tame. It has its name from the noife it makes, which is Jacu, Jacu, Jacu. Marggrave's Hift. Brafil.
JACUT, in the natural hiftory of the Arabians, is generally fuppofed to be the name of the ruby only ; and it is owin<r to this, that among the gems ufed by the Arabian phyficians in medicine, the ruby is fuppofed to have been moft of all in efteem, as the name Jacut oftener occurs in their writings than that of any other of the gems. The precious ftones owe their colours to tinges from metalline particles j and it has been found, that as the emerald owes its colour to cop- per, and the amethyft to iron, fo the ruby owes its colour to gold ; nay there are fome places in the Eaft -Indies, where rubies are found in confiderable plenty, too fmall for ufe as gems, and thefe being wrought for the gold they contain, yield a very confiderable quantity of it. The chemical writers on this account extol the fagacity of the Arabians, who could find out the virtues of gold in this gem, and therefore ufed it as a cordial, &c. preferably to all the other gems ; but the merit of all this difcernment is cancelled by obferving, that tho' the word Jacut among the Indians, is the name of this peculiar gem only, yet the Arabians did not ufe it in this determinate fenfe j but, according to the obfervations of the beft critics and commentators, they ufed it as a general name for the ruby, the fapphire, and the hyacinth. It fhould feem that if the knowledge of the pe- culiar metals from which the gems received their colours in- fluenced thefe writers in the direction of them in medicines, the copper from which the fapphire is coloured, fhould have as much deterred them from its ufe, as the gold in the ruby- could have invited them to prefcribe that gem. All this fcheme of preference feems therefore to be merely imaginary, and the Arabians as well as other of the antient writers in medicine, feem to have prefcribed all the gems in common, partly as pompous names in their prefcriptions, and partly from idle rumours of their virtues founded on no principles at all. Garcias ab Orto.
JAGRA, a name given to a peculiar fpecies of fugar, prepared from the cocoa nut.
JAGUACATl-Guacu, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian bird of the kingfifher kind, called by the Portuguefe Papa pecxe. It is of the fize of a thrufh, and in fhape much re- fembles the European kingfifher. Its beak is black, long, and fharp j its legs very fhort, and the toes placed one be- hind, not fo as in the woodpecker kind, to which this bird otherwife has fome affinity. Its back, head, tail, and wings, are of a dufky ferrugineous hue ; its neck has a trani- verfe circular ftreak of perfectly white feathers ; and its throat, breaft, and belly, are perfectly white. It has a white foot over each eye, and its tail and wings have a few white variegations ; but thefe are not eafily diftinguifhed, except when it is flying. Marggrave's Hift. Brafil.
JAGUARA, in natural hiftory, the name of a Brafilian ani- mal, accounted by Marggrave a fpecies of tygerj but dif- fering from that creature, and approaching to the leopard in the fliape of its variegations, which are fo many round fpots. The Portuguefe call this creature Qnga, the ounce ; whence it fhould feem ally'd at leaft to the lynx or ounce, properly fo called. Its head, ears, feet, and all its other parts agree with the cat kind ; as do thofe of the lynx : Its claws are hooked like a half moon, and are very fharp ; its eyes are blue, and fhine in the dark ; and its tail is long like that of a cat, in which particular it varies from the common lynx. It is all over of a yellowifh colour, beautifully variegated with black fpots differently difpos'd. It is a very fierce ani- mal, and as ravenous of human flefh as of that of beafts. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 163.
JAGUARACA, in zoology, the name of a Brafilian fifh in
many things refembling the fcorpius of the Mediterranean.
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