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JURURA, in zoology^ the name of a fpccies of torfmfe com- mon in the Brants. It is a fmall kind, feldom exceeding ten fingers breadth in length, and eight or nine in length, and is of an elliptic figure ; its under fhcll is about nine fingers long, and tour and a half broad, and is fiat ; it can at plea- sure hide its whole body in the (hell, or thruft out its neck to three fingers breadth diftance ; the head is thick and long, the nofe elevated and pointed ; the mouth is large, and the eyes black ; it has four long claws on its feet ; its tail is fhort and pointed, and its fkin is rough and fcaly. The upper Ihell is brown, the lower yellow ; its eggs are white and round, and about half the fize of a hen's egg, and are very- well tafted. Ray's Syn. Quad. p. 258.
JUS {Cycl.) — Jus Gladii is mentioned in our Latin authors, and the Norman laws, where it fignifies a fupreme jurifdiction, Camd. And hence it is, that at the creation of an earl, he is faid to be gladio-fuccinclus, to fignify that he had a jurifdic- tion over the county of which he was made earl. See Pleas of the Sword, Cycl.
JUSQUIAMUS, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the hyofcyamus or henbane. Ger. Emac. Ind. 2.
JUSSIEUA, in botany, the name of a genus of plants defcribed by Linnaeus, the characters of which are thefe : The peri- anthium is fmall, and ftands upon the germen of the piftil ; it is compofed of five leaves, which join at the bafe, and are of a pointed oval figure. The flower confifts of five oval expanded petals ; the fr.am.ina are ten very fhort and flendei filaments, the anthers are roundifh, the germen of the piftil is oblong, and ftands under the cup ; the ftyle is capillary, the ftigma is flat, and capitated and marked with fine ftriae. The fruit is oblong, thick, and coronated, and opens longi- tudinally when ripe ; the feeds are numerous, and Hand in feries. Linnai Gen. Plant, p. 186. Hort. Malabar, vol. 2. P-5 1 -
JUSSIEVIA, in botany, a name given by Houfton to a genus of plants defcribed by Linnaeus under the name of jatropha. See the article Jatropha.
JUSTICIA, the name given by Houfton to the plant, which js called adhatoda by Tournefort, and ecbollum by Rivinus. The name JujHcia is preferved by Linnaeus, and the plant in his fyftem is a diftincx genus. The characters of this are, that the cup is an extremely fmall perianthium compofed of one leaf, divided into five fegments at the end, erect, nar- row, and acute ; the flower is a Angle petal, forming a gib- bous tube, with a gaping mouth, the upper lip of which is oblong, and has a rim round its edge ; the under one is of the fame length, and is bent backward, and obtufely trifid or divided into three fegments. The ftamina are two pointed filaments, and are hid under the upper lip of the flower ; the anthers are erect and bifid at their bafe. The fruit is a capfule, oblong, obtufe, narrow at the bafe, containing two cells with two valves, and a feptum placed in a contrary di- rection to the valves. The feeds are roundifh. Ltnnai Gen. Plant, p. 4.
JUSTICIAR, in our old laws, an officer inftituted by William the Conqueror as the chief officer of ftate, and who princi- pally determined all pleas civil and criminal. He was called in Latin, capitalu jufliaarius tortus Anglia, Maddox Hift. of the Excheq. c. 9.
JUSTICIARII, in church hiftory, an appellation given to heretics who boaft much of perfect righteoufnefs, and defpife others ; fuch were the Pharifees among the Jews, and the Novatians and Donatifts among the Chriftians. Hoffm. Lex. in voc.
Megi/for JUSTICIARIUS, a judge in the kingdom of Naples, who has fupreme jurifdiction in all cafes of treafon, and pleas of the crown, and finally determines all appeals ; he has four affeflbrs. Hoffm. Lex. in voc. Juftieiartw,
JUSTICIARY Court, in Scotland. The court oijujiiciary^ has fupreme jurifdiction in all criminal caufes. It came in place of that of jujike Eyre, or jujiice general, which was laft m the perfon of the earl of Argyle, who tranfacted for it with king Charles 1. and was made juftice general of all the iflands ; which raifing great debates between him and fome hereditary iheriffs there, the jurifdiction was taken away in 1672, and this court of Jvjlkiary erected inftead of it, con- fiding of a juftice-general, alterable at the king's pleafurej a jujiice clerk, and five other judges, who are likewife lords of the feflion.
This court commonly fits on mondays, and has an ordinary clerk, who has his commiffion from the juftice clerk. They have four ordinary macers and a doomfter, appointed by the lords of feflion.
The form of procefs is this, the clerk raifes a libel or indict- ment, by a bill pafTed by any of the lords of that court, at the inftance of the purfuer againft the defender or crimi- nal, who is committed to prifon immediately after citation. When the party, wttnefles, and great aflize (or jury of forty-five men ) are cited, the day of appearance being come, fifteen of the great aflize are chofen to be the aflize upon the pannel (or prifoner at the bar). The aflize fits with the judges to hear the libel read, witneffes examined, and the debates on both fides, which is written verbatim, in the adjournal books. The king's advocate pleads for the
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purlucr, being the king's catife, and other advocates for the pannel. The debates being clofed, the judges find the libe! or indictment either not relevant ; in which cafe they defert the diet, and affoil or abfolve the party accufed: Or elfe they find the libel relevant ; in which cafe the aflize or jury of fifteen is removed into a clofe room, none being allowed to be prefent with them ; where they chufe their own chan- cellor and clerk, and confider the libel, depofitions, and de- bates, and bring ,11 their verdid of the pannel fealed, guilty or not guilty. If not guilty, the lords abfolve ; if guiltyj they condemn, and order the fentence of condemnation to be pronounced againft the criminal by the mouth of the doomfter. CbamberhWs Prefent State of Great Brit. p. 385. The lords of Jupiciary likewife go circuits twice a year, viz. in May and Oflober, into the country, which is divi- ded into three circuits, the fouth, weft, and north, where
iT?^™?£. held ' a " d c,immals tried > as mentioned above.
J US HUES, in law, a writ direded to the fhctiff in fome fpecial cafes, by virtue of which he may hold plea of debt in his county court for a large film, whereas otherwife, by his ordinary power, he is limited to fums under forty (hil- lings. F.N. B.i 1 7. Kitch. 74.
JUTRA, in botany, a name ufed by fome authors for the tree whofe fruit is the tamarind of the (hops. Pifi, p. 157.
IVY, Hedera, in botany, the name of a genus of plants', the charaaers of which are thefe : The flower is of the rofa-< ceous kind, or compofed of feveral leaves arranged in a cir- cular order. The piftil arifes from the cup, and finally be- comes a roundifh berry, containing feeds gibbofe on one fide, and flat or fmooth on the other.
The fpecies of Ivy enumerated by Mr. Tournefort are thefe : I. The common Ivy. 2. The poetic, or Dionyfian Ivy. And, 3. The American tree Ivy, with fpear-pointed leaves. Tournf. Inft. p. 612.
Ivy is a very well known plant, and it is very certain, from all the writings of the antients, that they; when they wrote with propriety, meant the fame plant by the word Hedera that we do at this time. There is, however, in Pliny, a paflage which has appeared unintelligible to his commenta- tors in general, and feemed to point out fome other plant as known to the antients by the name Hedera, befides our Ivy. See the article Cistus.
Ground-Ivy, Hedera terre/lris. The leaves of the common ground-ivy are found fometimes to produce on their under part certain galls, or round protuberances, of a flefhy texture and green colour, of the fize of nutmegs, or fometimes larger. Thefe are in fome years fo common in France, that the poor people eat them either raw or roaited, and find them a whole- fome food.
It is well known that the leaves of the oak afford very often protuberances of a like kind, or foft galls, called oak apples. Thefe, however, are not eatable, becaufe of the auftere tafte of the juice of the tree. The common fage alfo produces fuch galls or apples very frequently in the warm countries* and thefe are fo common, fo large, and fo well tafted, that they are in fome places brought to the market. All thefe galls have the fame origin, they are all produced by the eegsi of a fly, which hatch into a worm or maggot that feeds on the juices of the plant. On opening thefe galls at a proper time, the maggot is always found within. See the article Galls.
Ground Ivy is an attenuant and diffolvent, and famous, both externally and internally, as a vulnerary. It is much ufed by way of tea in diforders of the breaft and lungs, and is fometimes an ingredient in the pectoral decoction. It is efteemed a fpecific in erofions and ulcerations of the vif- cera, and particularly of the kidneys and lungs ; with which intention its juice has been given people in confumptions. Lindanus praifes it in an empyema and vomica pulmonum, and recommends it to fuch as void blood and purulent matter by urine. It is alfo faid to be good in bruifes, and to cure the head-ach : But notwithftanding all this, it is left in great meafure to the common people.
Petrified Ivy. In places where the incruftations of moiTes and other vegetables happen, Ivy is one which very frequently undergoes the fame fate. The beauty and elegance of the petrified Ivy of Derbyfhire with us, has been long famous. In the mountains near matlock baths in that county, there are many grotto's which afford great quantities of this petri- fied Ivy, as it is called, and of other incruftations of the fame kind. The beauty of thefe caverns is fcarce to be conceiv- ed ; their roofs are hung with ftalactitje and ftalagmitse, in form of clufters of grapes, and the incrufted plants are many of them fo delicate and tender that they fall to pieces under the touch. It is very common in thefe places to fee Ivy creeping along the rock ; in fome parts the fame branch will be found only incrufted in the common way ; in other parts the ftony matter will fo penetrate its pores, that the wood and leaves ihall appear wholly petrified, and in others the fame branch fhall be yet frefh and vegetating. Hazel trees often make a part of thefe inemftated matters, and appear in this ftate very beautiful, their roots and branches be- ing in fome parts only thinly incrufted, in others more thickly and firmly petrified. Among thefe alfo, as in the Ivy, there are
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