CAR ( rd? 5 )
Treatife de Methodo. His Reputation in Foreign Nations, appears from his Monument; which confifts of four Faces, inlcrib'd with fo many Encomiums. It was erected in Sweden, where he dy'd, in the Year 1S50, by Monfieur Ckamont, the King of France's Refidcnt in that Court. But his Bones were afterwards remov'd to 'Paris, by Order of Louis XIV. and a (lately Maufoleum built over 'em, in the Church of St. Genevieve.
CARTHUSIANS, an Order of Religious inftitutcd by S. Srmto, about the Year 1085. The Rule given them by their Founder is exceedingly rigorous; their Houfes were ufually built in Defarts, their Fare coarfe, and their Dif- ciplinc fevere. ^ Tis obferv'd, that the monaftical Piety is better preferv'd in this, than in any of the other Orders. M. tAlibe rf<? la Trape endeavours to (hew, that the Car- thufians don't live up to the Auflerity enjoin'd by the antient Statutes of Guigues their fifth General. M. Maf-
CAS
Sartholine, and fome other Amtomifls, milhke the Ca- rnnciite (or Lacrymal Glands; which they fuppofe , lae'd on the <Pu,,a,lm Lacrymale, to prevent the continual ftiedding of Tears. But Dionis (hews the Miftakc, and maintains em to be no Glands, but only the Reunion or
fin, at prefent General of the Order, anfwers the Abbat; and (hews, that what he calls the Statutes, or Conftituti- ons of Guigues, are, in reality, only Cuftoms compil'd by Father Guigues; and that they did not become Laws till long after. The French call the Carthufians, Cbartreux; and their Houfes Chanreiife. See Chartreux.
CARTILAGE, in Anatomy, a fmooth, folid, uniform, clallic Part of an Animal; foftcr than a Bone, but harder than any other Part.
Cartilages feem to be nearly of the fame Nature with Bones, and only to differ as more or lefs hard. See Bone. There are fome very hard, and which even become bony with Time; as thofe, v.g. which form the Sternum; fecSTER- num. Others arc fofter, and ferve tocompofc entire Parts; as thofe of the Nofe, Ears, Sic where an cafy gentle Mo- tion is requir'd; their natural Elafticity ferving them for Antagonift Mufcles. See Nose, (gc. There are others fofter flill, partaking of the Nature of Ligaments, and thence call'd Ligamentous Cartilages. Sec Ligament.
There are Cartilages of various Figures, acquiring vari- ous Names from the Things they referable : One is call'd Annularis, becaufc it rcfcmbles a Ring; another Xyphoi- ies, from its refembling the Point of a Dagger; a third Sai'iformis, becaufc made like a Buckler; and lb of the reft. See each under its proper Head, Annular, Scuti- form, &c.
Cartilages have no Cavities for Marrow; nor any Mem- branes, or Nerves, for Senfation. Their Ufes are to pte- vent the Bones from being damag'd or wounded by a con- tinual Friction; to join 'em together by a Synchondrofis; and to contribute, in great meafure, to the well forming of feveral Parts; as the Nofe, Bars, 'trachea, Eyelids, &c.
CARTON, or, as we pronounce it, CARTOON, in Painting, a Defign, mad6 on itrong Paper, to be afterwards calqued thro, and transferr'd on the frefh Plaifler of a Wall, to be painted in Frejco. See Design, Calqjjing, and Fresco.
Carton is alfo us'd for a Defign colour'd, for working in Mofaic, Tapcflry, &c. The Cartoons preferv'd at Hampton-Court, arc Defigns of Raphael Urbin; intended for Tapeftry, but uncolour'd. The Word, in the original French, fignifies thick 'Paper, or Taftlioard.
CARTOUCH, an Ornament in Architecture, Sculp- ture, ^c. reprefenting a Scroll of Paper. It is ufually a Table, or flat Member, with Wavings; whereon is fome Infcription, or Devife, Ornament of Armory, Cypher, or the like.
Cartouches are fometimes drawn on Paper, as in the Titles of Maps, f£c. and fometimes made of Stone, Brick, Plaifler, Wood, fjc. for Buildings. The Word comes from the Italian Cartoccio, which fignifies the fame thing.
Cartouche, or Cartridge, in War, the Charge or Load of a Fire- Arm, wrapp'd up in a thick Paper, Paft- board, or Parchment; to be the more readily charg'd, or convcy'd into the Piece.
Thofe of Cannon, or Mortars, are ufually in Cafes of rallboard, or Tin, fometimes of Wood, half a Foot long; taking up the Place of the Bullet in the Piece, to whole Ulliber the Diameter is proportion'd. Thcfe Cartouches are fill'd occafionally with Mufket-Balls, Nails, Chains, Sic. which, upon Explo'fion, fpread far and wide. The Cannon hid in the rctir'd Flanks, is ufually charg'd with thefe Car- 'r'lf'r J ' '° ma ' ce the 2 reilter havock among the Bcfiegcrs. Thofe of Mufkets, Piftols, and fmall Arms, only contain the Charge of Poudcr, with a Ball wrapp'd up in thick raper.
CARVING. See Sculpture. , CARUNCULA, a Term in Anatomy, properly fignify- ' n g a little piece of Flcjh; being a Diminutive of the La- tin Can, Flefh. The Name Caruncula, is apply'd to fe- stal different Parts of the Body : As,
Caruncul* Cuticulares, a Name which fome Anato- s give the Nymphs. See Nymphje
mills
Carunculje Lacrymales, are two little Eminences, one on each great Canthus, or corner of the Eyes the two ■Puucla Lacrymalta. See Canthus
JJuplicature of the inner Membrane of the Eyelids. Some Anatomilts fay, they help to keep the two 'Puuiia open, when the Eyes are (hut. See Lacrymalia 'PmiBa.
Carunculje Myrtiformes, in Anatomy, are four little Ca- "tncles, ,01 flefliy Knobs, about thefize of Mulberries, whence their Name; found adjoining to, or rather in the Place of the Hymen, in the Parts of Generation in Women. Some uppolc em to be largcft in Maids, and to grow lefs and els by the ufe of Venery; but others, with more probabi- lity, make them the Confequences of Venery in the firft Copulation; deriving 'cm from the broken Membrane of the Hymen whofe Fragments flirunk up they appear to be. See Hymen.
Caruncul* 'Papillares, or Mamillares, are little Pro- tuberances on the infide of the Pelvis of the Kidneys, made by the Extremities of the Tubes which bring the Serum from the Glands in the exterior Parts, to the Pelvis. They were firft difcover'd by Carpus; and thus call'd, from their relembhng a little Teat, or Pap. They are in form of Acorns heads, and lefs red than the Flefh: They are about the bignels of a Pea, but larger at top than at bottom; ending as it were in a Point, in the Place where they are perforated, to let the Urine fail into the Baton. See Kid- neys, Pelvis, gfc.
CARUS, in Medicine, a Species of an Apoplexy, con- fiding in a profound Sleep, with a fudden Deprivation of Senfation, and Motion, and an acute Fever.
The Cants differs from a Coma in this, that the Patient, in the latter, anfwers when interrogated; but not in the former; Sec Coma : From a Lerhargy it is diftinguifli'd by the Fever which attends it, which the Lethargy is free from; and by the return of Senfation, which the lethargic Perfon finds when agitated or prick'd; See Lethargy : From a proper Apoplexy, by the freedom of Refpiration, which is always hurt in an Apoplexy; fee Apoplexy; From an Epilepfy, in that there is no Motion or Froth at the Mouth in the Cams : From a Syncope, by the Pulfe, which is high, and the Face ruddy; whereas the Pulle is low and the Face cadaverous in the Syncope : From an hyfteric Suffocation, in that the Patient hears and remem- bers things m the latter, not in tfu; former. See Syncope, Epilepsy, SSc.
The Caul'c of the Cams is ufually refcrr'd to an Inter- ruption of the Motion of the Animal Spirits; occafton'd cither by their being exhaufted, or obftructed by fome cold, heavy, pituitous Humour; or by a Contufion, from fome external Force. The Word comes from the Greek xu.(K, Droufinefs, heavinefs of the Head
CARYATIDES, or CARIATES, in Architcaure, a kind of Order of Columns, or Pilafters, under the Figures of Women, drefs'd in long Robes. See Order of Columns. The Origin of the Caryatides is related by Vitruvius : The Greeks, he obferves, having taken the City of Carta, led away their Women Captives; and to perpetuate their Servirude, reprefented them in their Buildings, as charg'd with Burdens, fuch as thofe fupported by Columns.
The Caryatides, M. le Clerc obferves, are not now re- prefented as among the Antients, via. as Symbols of Sla- very, with Hands ty'd before and behind; thofe Charac- ters being fuppos'd injurious to the Fair Sex. Among us, they are reprefented as Images of Juftice, Prudence, Tem- perance, SSc. Their Legs are always to be clofe to each other, and even acrofs; their Arms laid flat to the Body, or ro the Head, or at leaft as little fpread as poflible; that as they do the Office of Columns, they may have, as near as poffible, the Figure thereof. Sometimes their Arms are cut off; for the greater Delicacy; as in the Hall of the Swift Guards in the Louvre : but M. le Clerc does not approve of fuch Mutilations.
When infulated, they (hould never have any great Weight to fupport; and their Entablature and Pedefla'l are
ordinarily to be Ionic. When they join to a Wall, ($c
'tis advifible to put a Confole over them, which may ap- pear to luftain the Weight of their Entablature; otherwile, as they reprefent Women, they don't feem fo proper to
fuftain grear Loads. When they are made in form of
Angels, he would have them fupport the Entablature, which in that Cafe is to be Corinthian, with their Hands.
The Antients made the Caryatides frequently to fupport Bafkets, or Corbels of Flowers; and thefe they call'd Ca- niferte, or Cifliferie.
CASCADE, a Cataract, or Fall of Water; either natu- ral, as that of tivoli, &c. or artificial, as thofe of Ver- failles, &c. and that, either falling with a gentle Defcent, as thofe of the Sceaux; in form of a Buffer, as at 'frianon • or by degrees, in form of a Perron, as at St. Clou; or from Ion to Bafon, &c. The Word comes from the Italian x * Cafcate,
feparating Bafon to Bafon, &c.
