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Mr. Wkjlon fuppofes the antient 'Chaos, the Origin of bur Earthy to have been the Atmofpbere of a Comet; which, riio new, yet, all things confider'd, is not an im- probable Aflertioni He endeavours to make it out by ma- ny Arguments, drawn from the Agreement which appears to be between them.
So thai, according to him, every Planet is a Comet, form'd into a regular and falling Conftitution ; and plac'd at a proper Diflancc from the Sun, revolving in a nearly circular Orbit : and a Comet is a Planet eitheKbeginning to be deftroy'd, or re-made 5 that is, a Chaos or Planet un- formM, or in its primaeval State, and plac'd, as yet» in an Orbit very eccentrical. See Comet.
CHAPEAU, or CHAPPEAU, Hat, in Heraldry, is us'd as a Mark of Ecclefiaftical Dignity, efpecially of that of Cardinals, which is call'd abfolutely the red Chapeau.
It is flat, and very narrow atop, but broad-brim'd, adorn 'd with long fiiken Strings interlac'd ; fufpended from within with five Rows of Taffels, call'd by the Italians Ppcci, increafing in Number as they come lower. The Hat was given them by Innocent IV. in 1250, but was not us'd in Arms till the Year 1300. See Cardinal.
Till that time, the Cardinals were reprefented with Mi- tres. See Mitre.
Archbifhops and Patriarchs bear the graen Hat, with four Rows of Taffels ; Bifhops wear it of the fame Colour with three ; Abbots and Apoftolical Protonotaries with two.
The Chapeau is wore over the Shield by way of Creft, as Mitres and Coronets are. See Crest.
Chapeau is fomctimes alfo us'd as a Mark of Secular Dignity, particularly for the Cap, or Coronet arm'd with Ermin, born by Dukes, &c. See Coronet.
The Creft is born on the Chateau ; and by the Chapeau the Creft and Coat are feparated ; it being a Rule, that no Creft mull touch the Shield immediately. See Crest,££c
CHAPEL, orCHAPPEL, a kind of little Church, ferv'd by an Incumbent under the Denomination of a Chaplain. See Church, Chaplain, \Sc.
There are two Kinds of Chapels, the one Confecrated, and he'd as Benefices ; fee Benefice : the other Secular, being of the Nature of Oratories. See Oratory.
The firft are built apart and at a diftance from the Pa- ri/h-Church ; being neither Barifhes, Cathedrals, nor Prio- ries, but fubfifting of ihemfelves.
Thefe are call'd by the Canonifts Sub-P)io, and by us Chapels of Eafe 5 as being erefted at a diftance from the Mother Church, where the Parifh is large and wide, for the Eafe and Conveniency of fome of the Parishioners who refide far off.
They are ferv'd by fome inferior Curate, provided either by the Reftor of the Parifh, or by thofe for whofe Eafe and Benefit they arc intended.
The fecond Kind are frequently built in, or adjoining to a Church, as a Pare thereof; having only a Delk, £?c. to read Prayers in ; and, in the Romijh Churches, an Altar, ££c. to celebrate Mafs on : but without any Baptiftery, or Font.
Thefc the Canonifts call Sub TeBo. They are generally ereflcd by fome confiderable Perfon, for the Ufe of their own Families $ Ut ibidem Familiaria Sepulchra fibi con- flititant.
The twenty firft Canon of the Council 0$ Agda, held in jcxJ, allows private Perfons the ufe of Chapels ; but with Prohibition to all Clerks to officiate in them without leave from the Bifhop.
Free Chapels, arc thofe Chapels of Eafe which have a fettled Revenue for perpetual Maintenance of the Curate, l£c. by charitable Donatives of Lands, or Rents beftow'd on 'em 5 fo as not to be any Charge either to the Re£lor, or the Pari/hioners.
There are feveral Collegiate Churches in France, which they call Saintes Chapelles, Holy Chapels 5 as thofe of Pa- ris, 2)ijon, Bourges, 'Bourbon, &c. fo call'd, by reafon there are Relicks in them. See Chaplain.
The Word Chapel, according to fome, comes from the Greek yj-m^ia,, little Tents, or Booths, fet up by Traders in Fairs to fhelter them from the Weather. Papias fetches it both from the Greek and Latin, quajt capiens **qv, or, populutn vel laitdem ; Others derive it from the Chape, or Cope which feiv'd to cover the Body : Others, a pellibus Caprarum ; becauie thefe Places were antiently cover'd with Goirfkins. Rebuff derives it de CapPa, St. Martin's Cope, which the Kinps of France carry'd to War with them fis their Standard, and preferv'd very carefully in paiticuiar Tents, thence call'd Chapels.
Hence, all thofe Places where Relicks were preferv'd came to be call'd Chapels ; and the Perfons who had the Care of them, Chaplains. See Relicks.
Chapel is alfo a Name given to a Printing Workhoufe j by reafon, fay fome Authors, Printing was firft actually perform 'd in Cba/els.
In this Senfe, we fay, 'The Orders, or Laws of the Cha- nel, the Secrets of the Chapel, &c. See Printing.
Knights of the Chapel, was an Order of Knights inftU tuted by King Henry VIII. in his Teitamenr, to the Number of r^ $ tho thefe have been fince increas'd to the Number of 26, call'd alfo 'Poor Knights.
They are not really Knighrs of the Order of the Garter j but are, as it were, their Aflillants or Deputies, ferving to difcharge all their Offices in the Funeral Services of the Kings of England. See Garter.
They are fubjecF to the Office of the Canons of Windfor, and live on Peniions which the Order afligns them.
They bear the blue or red Cloke, with the Arms of St. George on the left Shoulder j but the Cioke is only Cloth, and they wear no Garter : which diftinguifTies them from the Knights of the Garter.
CHAPERON, CHAPERONNE, or CHAPEROON, properly fignifies a fort of Hood, or Covering of the Head, antiently wore both by Men and Women, the Nobles, and the Populace, and afterwards particularly affected to the Doctors and Licentiates in Colleges, %$c.
Hence, the Name pafs'd to certain little Shields, and other Funeral Devices, plac'd on the Foreheads or the Hor- fes that drew the Hearfes to pompous Funerals, and which are ftill call'd Chaperoons, or Shafferoons ; by reafon fuch Devices were originally faften'd on the Ckaperonnes, or Floods, wore by thofe Horles with their other Coverings of" State.
CHAPITERS, in Law, were antiently a Summary, or Content of fuch Matters as are to be inquir'd of, or pre- fented before Juftices in Eyre, Jultices of Affize, or of Peace, in their Seffions.
Chapiters are now more ufually taken for Articles deli- ver'd by the Mouth of the Jullice in his Charge to the In- queft : Tho it appears from BratJon and Briton, they were formerly Exhortations given by the Juftices, for the good Obfervation of the Laws, and the King's Peace ; firft: read in open Court, then deliver'd in Writing to the Grand Inqueft : which the Grand Jury, or Inqueft, were likewife to anfwer upon their Oaths, either affirmatively or nega- tively.
CHAPLAIN, properly fignifies, a Perfon provided of a Chapel -j or who discharges the Offices thereof. See Chapel.
Chaplain is alfo us'd for an EccJefialHcal Perfon, in the Houfe of a Prince, or a Perfon of Quality, who officiates in their Chapels, ckc.
There are 4.8 Chaplains to the King, who wait four each Month, preach in the Chapel, read the Service to the Fa- mily, and to the King in his private Oratory, and fay Grace in the Abfence of the Clerk of the Clofet.
While in waiting, they have a Table and Attendance, but no Salary.
The firft Chaplains are faid to have been thofe inftituted by the former Kings of France, for prefcrving theChape, or Cape, with the other Relicks of St. Martin, which the Kings kept in their Palace, and carry'd out with them to War. The firft Chaplain is faid to be Gul. de Mefmes, Chaplain to S. Louis.
Antiently, the King's Almoners were call'd Chaplains. See Almoner.
Chaplain in the Order of Malta, is us'd for the fe- cond Rank, or Clafs, in that Order ; otherwife call'd tDiaco.
The Knights make the firft Clafs, and the Chaplains the fecond. See Malta.
Chaplains of the Pope, are the Auditors, or Judges of Caufes in the facred Palace 5 fo call'd, becaufe the Pope antiently gave Audience in his Chapel, to judge of Cales fent from the feveral Parts of Chriftenclom.
He hither fummon'd, as Afleflbrs, the mofl known Law- yers of his Time, who hence acquir'd the Appellation of Capellani, Chaplains.
'Tis from the Decrees formerly given by thefe, that the Body ot ^Decretals is compos'd : Their Number Pope Six- tus IV. redue'd to twelve. See Decretal.
If it be true, that the Word Chaplain was flrfl: apply'd to thofe who preferv'd St. Martin's Chape, as above, 1 the Word muft be deriv'd from Capa, Chape 5 not Capella, of Capfula, or Capfa, a Cafe, as others imagine.
Some fay, the Shrines of Relicks were cover'd with a kind of Pent, Cape, or Capella, i. e. little Cape j and that hence the Priefts who had the Care of them, were call'd Chapelains. In time, thefe Relicks were repofited in a little Church, either contiguous to a larger, or feparate from it j and the fame Name, Capella, which was given the Cover, was alfo given to the Place where it was lodg'd : and hence, the Prieft who look'd to it came to be call'd Chaplain. See Cope.
CHAPLET, a String of Beads, us'd in the Rom.,.. Church, to keep account of the Number of Pater- NoJlers t and Ave-Marys to be rehears'd in Honour of God and the; Holy Virgin.
Chaplets are otherwife call'd Pater-Nojlers* There ara Chaplets of Coral, of Diamonds, of Callumbqti, of ^ooi from St. Lucia, &c.
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