C L O
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C LO
CLITORIS, in Anatomy, a long round Body in the Fore- part of the Vulva, or Natural Parts of a Woman ; being one of the principal Organs of Generation in that Sex. See Generation.
Its Figure reprcfents that of a Gland, or Acorn : ordina- rily 'tis pretty fmall, bur in fome Women thick, and long.
In many refpeefs it reprefents the Penis of a Man 5 whence fome call it the Woman's Yard. See Penis.
In effect, it is compos'd of the fame Parts ; has, like it, two cavernous, or fpongious Bodies; and a Glans at the Ex- tremity, covcr'd with a prteputium ; but is not pierced rhro' like the Penis. See Glans, Prepuce, (gc.
It has two Mufcles which erect it in Coition ; on which occafion it fwelis and grows hard. Some Anatomifts fay, too, it has two Mufculi Ejacidalores. See Erector, &g.
Its Senfacion is exquifite ; and 'tis found the chief Sear of Pleafure : hence lome Women are apr to abulc it.
The Extremity of this Part is fomerimes cut off; as in Circumcifion, and where it advances out too far. 'Tis fome- times fo large and propendent, that it bears a full refem- btance to the virile Member ; whence the Perfons in whom 'tis lb found, frequently pafs for Hermaphrodites. See Her-
MAPHROl'ITE.
The fpongious Bodies of the Clitoris, arife diftinfily from the lower Parts of the Os -Pubis ; and approaching one ano- ther, unite, and form the Body of the Clitoris. Before their Union they are called the Crura Clitoridis; and are twice as iong as the Body of the Clitoris. See Crura.
Its Mufcles arife from the Proruberance of the Ifchium, and arc inferred into its fpongious Bodies. It has Veins and Arrcrics from the Hemorrhoidal Veffels, and Pudenda 5 and Nerves from the Intercoilals.
CLOACA, among the Anticnts, was a fubterraneous A- queduce ; or a Common-fhore, or Canal, for the Reception and Difchatge of the Filth of a City, or a Houfe.
farquinius 'Prifcus is faid to have been the firfl who con- trived Cloaca in anrienr Rome ; to which end, a Canal was firft dug rhro' the Mountains, whereon the City flood, and di- vided into three Branches, call'd the great Cloaca.
The Care and Infpeclion of the Cloaca belong'd to the Ccnfors, till the Time of Auguftus, who appointed Cura- tores Cloacarum, on purpofe.
They had their Cloacina, or Goddefs who prefided over the Cloacce.
The Word is compounded of the Greek jcai/£w, fufgo,
CLOCK, an Automaton, or Machine, fcrving to mea- fure and flrike Time. See Time.
The ufual Movements are Watches, and Clocks : the for- mer, in ftriclnefs, are fuch as fhew the Parts of Time ; the latter fuch as publifli it by flriking : Tho the Name Watch is ordinarily appropriated to Yockct-CIocks, and that of Clocks to larger Machines ; whether rhey flrike or no.
The Parts common to both Kinds of Movements, fee un- der the Article Movement.
Thofe peculiar to Watches smdClocks, fee under Watch- Work, and Ci.oci<.-Work.
The Invention of Clocks with Wheels, is referr'd to Paci- ficus Archdeacon of Verona, who liv'd in the Time of Lo- tkarius, Son of Louis le Debonnaire ; on the Credit of an Epitaph quoted by Ughelli, and borrow'd by him from Pan- vinius.
It was at firft called the Noilurnal Clock; to diflinguifh it from the Dials, which fhew'd the Hour by the Sun's Sha- dow. Others afcribe it to Boethius, about the Tear 510.
Mr. Derham makes Clock-iwrk of a much older {landing ; and ranks Archimedes'*. Sphere, mention'd by Claudian ; and that ot 'Po/idouius, mention'd by Cicero, among the Ma- chines of this Kind; not that either their form or ufe were the fame with thofe of ours: but that they had their Mo- tion from fome hidden Weights, or Springs, with Wheels or Pullies, or fome fuch Clock-work Principle. Thus he under- ftands the Inclufin varlis famulatur fpiritus Aftris ; ££ vi- vu?n ccrtis nutibus urget opus.
Be this as they will, 'tis certain the Art of making Clocks, fuch as are now in ufe, was either firlt invented, or at leaft retriev'd in Germany, about 200 Years ago.
TheWater-O.ccks, otClepfydr<e, and Sun-Dials, have, both, a much better Claim to Antiquity. See Clepsidra, and Dial.
The French Annals mention one of the former Kind, fent by Aaron King of Pcrfia to Cbarlemaign, about the Year 807, which l'cem'd to bear fome refemblance to the modern Clocks : It was of Brafs, and fhew'd the Hours by rwclve little Balls of the fame Metal, which fell at the End of each Hour, and in felling flruck a Bell and made it found. There were alio Figures of twelve Cavaliers, which at the End of each Hour came forth at certain Apertures, or Windows in thcSide of the Clock, fhut 'em again, £5?c.
Among the modern Clocks, the mod eminent for their Furniture, and the Variety of their Motions and Figures, are thofe of Strasbourg, of Lunden, and of Lyons. In the firfl a Cock claps his Wings, and proclaims the Hour ; the An-'
gel opens a Gate and falutes the Virgin ; the Holy Snitlf defcends on her, i£c. In rhc fecond, two Horfemen en ter, and beat the Hour on each other ; a Door opens an* there appears on a Theater the Virgin, with Jefus Chrift her Arms ; the Magi, with their Retinue, marching in or" dcr, and prefenting their Gifts; two Ttumpetcrs founding afi the while to adorn the Proceflion. See Scottus ; fee alf Salmajius on Solinus ; Mafius de T'iutinnaltidis, 'and K,?- cher in his Mujieum Romatmm, and JEdep. Mgypt.
The Invention of 'Pendulum Clocks is owing to rhe happy Induflry of the laft Age : The Honour of ir is difputcd be- tween Buygens and Galileo. The former, who has a j u (J Volume on the Subjecf, declares it was firfl pur in practifc in the Year 1557, and the Defcription thereof printed in i(Ts8. Seeker, de nova -Temporis dimetiendi I'heoria, Anno 1680, flickles for Galileo ; and relates, tho at fecond hand the whole Hiflory of rhe Invention : adding, that one Trek fler, Clock-maker to the Father of the then grand Duke of Tujcany, made the firfl Pendulum-C/or£ at Florence, by di. recrion of Gitlileus « Galileo ; a Pattern of which was brought into Holland.
The Academy de I'Cimento fay exprefly, that the Appli- cation of the Pendulum to the Movement of a Clock was firft propos'd by Galileo, and firlt put in practifc by his Son Vin- cent/) Galilei, in 1(549.
Be the Inventor who he will, 'tis certain the Invention never flourifh'd till it came into Huygens's hands, who infills on it, that if ever Galileo rhought of fuch a thing, he never brought it to any degree of Perfection.
The firfl Pendulum-CVocfe made in England, was in the Year 1612, by M. Fromautil a Dutchman. See Pendulum. 'Penduhtm-Qxsicv.. See Pendulum-CVccA. Pocket-Cwcii. ? „ 5 irr Repeating-Cx-ocKS See ^ Watch. Clock -Work, is that Part of a Movement which flrikes the Hour, ££?c. on a Bell. See Movement.
The Wheels ir confifts of are the great, or firfl Wheel ; which is that the Weight, or Spring firfl drives : in fix- teen or twenty hour Clocks, this has ufuaily Pins, called the Pin-Wheel ; in eight day Pieces, the fecond Wheel is commonly the Pin-Wheel, or Striking-Wheel. Next'fhe Striking- Wheel, is the Detent-Wbeel, or Hoop-Wheel, hav- ing a Hoop almoft found it, wherein is a Vacancy at which the Clock locks. The next is the third, or fourth Wheel, ac- cording to its diftance from rhe firft. The laft is the flying 'Pinion; with a Fly, or Fan to gather Air, and fo bridle the Rapidity of the Clock's Motion. To thefe muft be ad- ded the Pinion of Report; which drives round rhe Locking- Wheel, called alfo rhe Count-Wheel ; ordinarily wirh eleven Norches in it, unequally diftanr, to make the Clock ftrike the Hours. See Wheel.
Befides rhe Wheels, to the CVoctpart belongs the Rafh, • or Ratch ; a kind of Wheel of twelve large Fangs, running concentrical to the Dial-Wheel, and ferving to lift up the Detents every Hour, and make the Clock ftrike : The 'De- tents, or Srops, which being lifted up, and let fall, lock and unlock the Clock in ftriking. The Hammers which flrike rhe Bell ; the Hammer-tails, by which the ftriking Pins draw back the Hammers ; Latches, whereby the Wotk is lifted up and unlocked ; and Lifting-pieces, which lift up and un- lock the Detents.
Theory and Calculation of Cz,ocK-Work. The Method of calculating the Numbers of a piece of Clock-Work, having fomething in it very pretty, and at the fame time very eafy and ufeful, we fhail give the Reader the Rules relating thereto ; referring, for the general Rules thar obtain in the Calculation of all Movements, of Watch as well as Clock-Work, to the Article Movement ; and for the particular Rules of Watch-Work, to the Article Watcb- Work.
For the ftrifl Calculation it felf, it bears that affinity to the Calculation of Watch-Work, rhat to avoid Repetitions we fhall refer to that Head : what Clock-Work has peculiar to it felf, will be conceiv'd from what follows.
Rules for calculating the flriking Part of a Clock. ift then, Obfcrve that regard, here, needs only to be had to the Count- Wheel, Striking-Wheel, and Detent- Wheel, which move round in this proportion : the Count-Wheel commonly goes round once in 1 2 or 24 Hours ; the Detent- Wheel moves round every ftroke the Clock flrikes, or fomc- times but once in two Strokes ; wherefore, it follows, that, 2dly, As many Pins as arc in the Pin- Wheel, fo many Turns hath the Detent- Wheel in one Turn of the Pin-Wheel; Cor which is the fame) the Pins of the Pin-Wheel are the Quotients of that Wheel, divided by the Pinion of the De- tent-Wheel. But if the Detent- Wheel moveth but once- round in two Strokes of the Clock, then the faid Quotient is but half the number of Pins.
3dly, As many Turns of the Pin- Wheel as are requir'd to perform the Strokes of 12 Hours, (which are 7S) fo ma- ny Turns muft the Pinion of Report have, to turn round the Count- Wheel once : Or thus, the Quotient of -f*, <*':
vided
