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EXP
EXPECTANT-i%e, in Law, differs from Fee fimple; Thus, e. gr. Lands being given to a Man and his Wife, in frank Marriage, to hold to them and their Heirs: In Cafe they have Fce-fimple. If it be given to them, and the Heirs of their Body, iSc they have Fee-Expettant. See Fee.
EXPECTS TIVE, a Hope founded on a Promife of obtaining the next Benefice that fliall become vacant, or a Right to the Reverfion of the next.
Expetlathe Graces, Gratis Expeaattve, calld alio Preventions, were Bulls frequently given by the Popes, or Kings, for future Benefices: The Bilhops were exceedingly mortified with them; by reafon they encroach'd on their Privileges. Bcfidcs that fuch Expeaauves are odious,
th
ey
nduce People to wiih for the Death of others. See Prevention. *
The Ufe of ExpeBatives is very ancient, tho' it was not near fo frequent in the firft Ages, as at prefent. Ori- ginally they were no more than fimple Requeils made on the Part of Kings, or Popes, which the BiUiops confented to with the more Willingnefs, as they only prefented to them Perfons fit to ferve the Church. But the frequent Excrcife of this Privilege, made it at length be deem'd a Matter of Obligation and Necefftty. See Praemunire.
The Council of front annull'd all ExpeSatives ; but thofe Canons were never admitted in France ; where the Right of conferring ExpeQative Graces, is look'd on as one of the Regalia.
EXPECTORATION, the Act of evacuating, or bring- ing up of Phlegm, or other Matters, out of the Lungs ; by Coughing, Hawking, Spitting, &c. See Lungs.
ExpeBoration eafes the Lungs of the vifcid, or putrid Matters, which obftruct its Veffels, and flraitens the Breaft.
EXPEDITATION, in the Foreft Laws, fignifies a cutting out the Ball of a Dog's Fore-feet, for the Preferva- tion of the King's Game. See Forest and Game.
Every one that keeps any great Dog not expeditated, forfeits three Shillings and Four Pence to the King. In Maftiffs, not the Ball of the Feet, but the three Claws, are to be cut to the Skin. Injiit. P. 4. pag. 308. NliUos domi- nicos canes, Abbatis & Monachorum expeditari, Cogat. Chart. Hen. 3. Et fint quieti de Efpedimentis Canum. Ex mag- Rot. 'Pip. de Ann. 9. Ed. 2.
This Expeditation was to be performed once in every three Years; and. was done to every Man's Dog who lived near the Foreft, and even the Dogs of the Foreftcrs themfelves.
EXPEDITION, a military Enterprize. Such were the Expedition of Cyrus againft Xerxes ; of Alexander into the Indies; the Expedition of Xerxes againft Greece, was unhappy. Ctefar himfelf, in the middle of his Ex- peditions in the Gauls, compofed two Books of the Ana- logy of Words.
The Expeditions for the Recovery of the Holy Land, were call'd Croifades. See Croisade.
EXPENSIS militim levandis, is a Writ directed to the Sheriff, for levying Allowance for the Knights of Par- liament. See Parliament.
EXPERIENCE, a Kind of Knowledge acquired by lono Ufe, without any Teacher.
Experience conlifts in the Idea's of Things we have feen, or read, which the Judgment has reflected on, to form it fclf a Rule, or Method.
Authors make three Kinds of Experience: The i". is the fimple Ufe of the external Senfes, whereby we per- ceive the Pha:nomena of natural Things, without any direct Artention thereto, or making any Application thereof.
The i\ is, when we premeditately, and defignedly, make Trials of various Things, or obferve thofe done by others ; attending clofely to allthe Effects and Circumftances.
The 3 d . is, that preceded by a Fore-knowledge, or, at leaft, an Apprehenfion of the Event; and which deter- mines whether the Apprehenfion were true or falfe. Which two latter Kinds, efpecially the third, are of great Service in Philofophy. See Experiment.
EXPERIMENT, in Philofophy, a Trial of the Effefl or Refult of certain Applications, and Motions of natural Bodies ; in Order to difcover fomething of the Laws and Relations thereof, or to afcertain fome Phenomenon, or its Caufe.
The Schoolmen define Experiment, a Comparifon of fcveral Things before obferved ■by the Senfes, and retain'd in the Memory ; in fome one fimilar convenient Inftance.
The Nature of Experiment, therefore, according ro them, confifts in comparing feveral Things by one Act ; whence they diftinguifh two Things in every Experiment, the one material, viz. the feveral Idea's remember'd; the other formal, viz. the comparing of thefc Idea's in the Mind.
This will be iUuftrated by an Example: A Phyfician gives a Quantity of Rhubarb ro ten feveral Perfons, and remembers each of them : Now, coming afterwards ro compare the feveral Remembrances together, and finding
the Effect of the Exhibition of Rhubarb to be the fame in all, viz. A Purging : This is an Experiment of Rhubarb.
The making of Experiments, is grown into a Kind of form'd Art ; and we now abound in Syftems of Experi- ments, under rhe Denomination of Courfes of experimen- tal 'Philofophy. Sturmius has made a curious Collection of the principal Difcoveries and Experiments of the pre- fent Age, under the Title of Collegium Experimental. The Chymiits chufe to call their Experiments, by way of Diftinction, or Eminence, Procejfes, or Operations. See Process.
EXPERIMENTAL Philofophy, by the Greeks call'd F./w«e<a, or TLpsirtieixx, is that which proceeds on Experi- ments ; or which deduces the Laws of Nature, and the Properties and Powers of Bodies, and their Actions upon each orher, from feniible Experiments and Obfervations.
Experiments are of the laft Importance in Philofophy ; and the great Advantages the modern Phyficks have above the Ancient, is chiefly owing to this, that we have a great many more Experiments, and that we make more Ufe of the Experiments we have.
Their Way of Philofophizing was, to begin with the Caufes of Things, and argue to the Effects and Pheno- mena ; ours, on the contrary, proceeds from Experiments and Obfervations alone.
My Lord Sacon firft paved the Way for the new Philofophy, by letting on Foot the making of Experi- ments. His Method has been profecuted with laudable Emulation by the Academy del Cimenlo, the Royal So- ciety, Royal Academy at Paris, Mr. 'Boyle, Sir If. Newton, and many others.
In Effect, Experiments, within thefe 50 ot 60 Tears, are come into fuch Vogue, that nothing will pafs in Phi- lofophy, but what is founded on Experiment, or confirm'd by Experiment, &c. So that the new Philofophy is almoit altogether Experimental. See Philosophy.
Indeed, the Ancients, whatever we commonly fay to the contrary, feem to have thought as well of the Experi- mental Way, as the Moderns. Plato miffes no Occafion of (peaking of rhe Advantages of the iy.waaa. ; and as to Arifiotle, his Hiftory of Animals may bear Witnefs for him. Democntus's great Bufincfs was to make Experi- ments ; and even Epicurus himfelf owes Part of his Glory to the fame Caufe. Plato calls it, in refpect to its Subject, sua*^W«, Subtlety of Senfe.
Yet there are thofe, even among the Learned, who con- ceive of Experiments in a different Manner.
Dr. Keill allows, rhar Philofophy has receiv'd very con- siderable Advanrages from the Makers of Experiments; bur complains of their Difingenuity, in too oiten wrefting and diftorting their Experiments, and Obfervations, to favour fome " darling Theories they had efpoufed. But this is not all: M. Hartfoekr, in his Recueil de plitfieurs pieces de phyflque, undertakes to ftiew, that they who impioy themfelves in the making of Experiments, are not properly PhiIo r ophers, but, as it were, the Labourers; or Operators of Philofophers, who work under them, and for them, furni filing them with Materials to build their Conjectures upon.
The learned M. 1)acier, in the Beginning of his Dif- courfe on Plato, at the Head of his Tranilarion of the Works of that Philofopher, deals ftill more feverely with the Makers of Experiments. He breaks out with a Sort of Indignation, at a Tribe of idly curious People, whofe Philofophy confifts in making Experiments on the Gra- vity of the Air, the Equilibrium of Fluids, the Load- ftone, &c. and yet arrogate to themfelves the noble Title of Philofophers.
Experimentum Crucis, is a Capital, leading, or de- cisive Experiment ; thus call'd, either as, like a Crofs or Poft of Directions placed in the meeting of feveral Roads, it guides and directs Men to the true Knowledge of the Nature of the Thing they are enquiring after : Or, as it is a Kind of Torture, whereby the Nature of the Thing is as it were extorted by Violence. See Crucis.
EXPIATION, the AS of Suffering the Puniftiments ad- judged to a Man's Crimes, and thus paying off and dif- charging the Guilt.
The Romanifts hold, that Souls, after Death, are fent to Purgatory, to expiate, or atone for their Sins. See Purgatory.
The Word is alfo applied to Sacrifices offered to the Deity, to implore his Mercy and Forgiveneft. See Sacrifice.
•The Feaft of Expiation, among the Jews, call'd by our Tranflators the "Day of Atonement, was held on the Xth Day of the 7 th Month of the Jeivifh Year, an- fwering to our September. It was inftituted by God himfelf, Zevit. XXIII. 27, St. On that Day, the Higii- Priett, the Figure or Type of Jefus Chrift, confefs'd lis
Sins ;
