PAP
PA?
{lined to receive it ; ami a hollownefs or finking in the place from whence it is ftarted, perceivable by the touch. — It is alfo attended with great pain, a total abolition of motion, and a fhortening of the limb.
JmperfecJ, or partial Luxation, itapapgphma, called alfo ftibluxation, is where the motion is only much impaired, the joint weaked, and a deformity perceivable in it, when com- pared with the oppofite part, which is found. — This is other- wife called a f rain, when it proceeds from an external caufe; or, fimply, a relaxation, when from an internal one. A luxation is faid to be fimple, when it lias no other accident or injury accompanying it — complicated., when it is attended with a wound, inflammation, fracture, or the like. The cure of a luxation is by a fpeedy reduction of the diflo- cated member to its natural place. — To this are neceflary, i°. Extenfion, avrtZaaiq, which a luxated as well as fractured member requires ; as well on account of the contraction of the tendons, as that the head of the bone may more directly be intruded into its feat. — This extenfion is made either by the hands alone, which is called modus pal&flricus, becaufe, among wreftlers, diflocated members ufe to be reduced after this manner ; or by ligatures, or towels ; or by inftruments, or great machines, when the luxation is difficult, and inve- terate.
2°. After extenfion, follows the Intruding of the joint into the natural cavity; which, likewife, may either be effected by the hands only, or by the heel, (as when the head of the os humeri is fallen into the arm-pit) or by means of ladders, doors, peftles, or Hippocrates's inftrument, called ambe. — This way is termed methodical, by way of diftinction from the third, which is called organical, becaufe performed by large inftruments, and machines, but now altogether out of ufe.
Gourmelinus to thefe adds, awolW^, the very act of reducing the member into its own place, which is to be known by the found ufually heard, and from the ufe and motion of the re- duced joint.
Laftly, becaufe on account of the laxity of the tendons, &c. the reduced bone cannot remain in its natural pofition, it is neceflary yet further to apply comprefles and bandage ; by whofe means the articulation is preferved fafe, till the ligaments may acquire their ufual ftrength of elafticity and aftriclion.
LYRE. — Mr. Barnes, in the prolegomena to his edition of Anacreon, has an enquiry into the antiquity and ftructure of the lyre ; of which he makes Jubal the firft inventor. For the feveral changes this inftrument underwent, by the addi- tion of new firings, he obferves that, according to Diodorus, it had originally only three ; whence it was called Tpixops©*. Afterwards, it had feven firings ; as appears from Homer Pindar, Horace, Virgil, cjSV. Feftus Avienus gives the lyre of Orpheus nine firings. David mentions an inftrument of that fort frrung with ten, in pfalterio decachordo. Timotheus of Miletus added four to the old feven, which made eleven. Jofephus, in his Jewljh Antiquities, makes mention of one with twelve firings ; to which were afterwards added fix others, which made eighteen in all. — Anacreon himfelf fays, p. 253. of Mr. Barnes's edition, canto •viginti toils chordis. — For the modern lyre, or Welfh harp, confifting of forty firings, it is fufficiently known.
LYRIC. — This fpecies of poetry was originally employed in celebrating the praifes of gods and heroes ; though it was af- terwards introduced into feafts, and public diverfions : it is a miftake to imagine Anacreon, as the Greeks do, the author of it ; fince it appears from fcripture to have been in ufe above a thoufand years before that poet.— Mr. Barnes fhows how unjuft it is to exclude heroic fubjects and actions from this fort of verfe, lyric poetry being capable of all the eleva- tion and fublimity fuch fubjects require; which he confirms by the example of Alcseus, Stefichorus, Anacreon, and Ho- race, and by his own effay, A Triumphal Ode, inferibed to the duke of Marlborough, at the head of this edition : he con- cludes with the hiftory of lyric poefy, and of thofe ancients who excelled in it.
P.
PAPER*, a thin flexible leaf, ufually white, artificially prepared of fome vegetable fubflance, chiefly to write upon, with ink. See Writing, Ink, &c
- The word is formed from the Greek ira.^©*, papyrus, the
name of an Egyptian plant, called alio |3i/3a@', biblus, where- on the ancients ufed to write. Various are the materials, on which mankind in different ages and countries have contrived to write their fentiments ; as on flones, bricks, the leaves of flowers, and trees, and their rinds or barks ; alfo tables of wood, wax, and ivory ; to which may be added plates of lead, linen rolls, &c. At length the Egyptian papyrus was invented ; then parchment, cotton paper, and laftly the common or linen paper a . fFid, Maffei Ifior. Diphm. 1. 2. §. 3 — 10. B'tbl. Ital. T. 2. p. 242. Leo Aflat. Antiq. Betrufc. p. 127. feq. Hug. de Scrib. Orig. Alex, ab Alexand. 1. 2. c. 30. Barthol. Dip. 4. deLibr. Legend, p. go, feq.
In fome places and ages they have even written on the fkina of fifties; in others, on the interlines of ferpents ; and in others, on the backs of tortoifes/ — Not to mention what E- piphanius relates, that Mofes received the law written on ta- bles of fapphire ; nor what the Cabbalifts dream, that the fame was written on a globe of fire ; nor' laftly, thofe mili- tary teftaments fpoken of by civilians, which were written in the duft or land b .
b Vid - Mabill, de Re diplomat. 1. 1 . c. 8. Fabric. Bill. Ant. c. 21. \. 9. p. 610, feq. Reimm. Idea Svftem. Jntiq. Liter, p. 309. See alib the articles Book, Parchment, tiff. There are few parts of plants but have been ufed for paper, and books : and hence the feveral terms, biblos, codex, liber^ folium, tabula, tUta, philura, fcheda, &c. which exprefs the feveral parts on which they were written : and though in Europe all difippeared upon the introduction of papyrus and parchment, yet in fome other countries the ufe of divers of them obtain to this day. — In Ceylon, for inftance, they write on the leaves of the Talipot: 'The Bramin MSS. in the Tulinga language, fent to Oxford from Fort St. George, are written on leaves of the Ampana or Palma Malabarica : b Hermannus gives an account of a monftrous palm-tree call- ed Codda panna, or P 'alma J\dont ana Malabarica, which a- bout the 35th year of its age, rifes to be 60 or 70 foot high, with plicated leaves nearly round, 20 foot broad ; wherewith they commonly cover their houfes; and on which they alfo write ; part of one leave fufficing to make a mode- rate book. They write between the folds, making the cha- racters through the outer cuticle c .
a Knox. Hift. Ceyl. 1. 3. Le Clerc, Bibl. Univ. T. 23.' p. 242. 1
b Phil. Tranf. No. 246. p. 422, feq. » Vid. Hart. Ind.
Malab. P, 3. Phil. Iran/. No. 145. p. 108. In the Maldivee iflands, the natives are faid to write on the leaves of a tree called ?nacarequean, which are a fathom and a half long and a foot broad. And in divers parts of the Eaft- Indies, the leaves of the mufa arbor or plantain tree dried in the fun, ferved the fame ufe, till of late that the French have taught them the ufe of European paper, — ^Ray, in fine, enumerates divers kinds of Indian and American trees which bear paper ; particularly one called xagua, which has fomething in it extraordinary : its leaves are fo large, and of fo clofe a texture, that they cover a man from top to toe, and fhelter him from the rain, and other inclemen- cies of the air, like a cloak ; from the innermoft fubflance of which leaves, a paper is taken ; being a white and fine mem- brane like the fkin of an egg, as large as a fkin of our vellum or parchment, and nothing inferior for beauty and goodnefs to the beft of our papers e .
d Vid. Savar. D. de Comm. T. 2. p. 967, * Vid. ,Ray Hift.
Plantar. T. 2. 1. 32. Nouv. Rep. Let. T. 12. p. 361. Paper is chiefly made among us of linen or hempen rags, beaten to a pulp in water, and moulded into fquare fheets, of the thicknefs required— But it may alfo be made of nettles, hay, turnips, parfnips, colewort leaves, earth-flax, or any thing that is fibrous ; nay it may be made of white woollen rags ; though this would not ferve for writing, becaufe of the hairinefs f._The Chinefe paper is fo fine, that many Eu- ropeans have thought it was made of filk ; not confiderin2 4 fays du Halde, that filk cannot be beat into fuch a parte, as is neceflary to make paper £.- though the fame author afterwards fpeaks of a paper or parchment made of the balls of filk-worms ; and the like we are alfured by others is done at Cathay b .
'" Hought. Colled. No. 360. T. 2. p. 418, feq. s Defeript. of
Chin. p. 360, feq. h Vid. Bufbeq. Legal. Turc. Epift. 4.
p. 329. Paper with regard to the manner of making it, and the ma- terials employed therein, is reducible to divers kinds: E- gyptian, European and Chinefe paper ; we alfo find mention of cotton paper, bark paper, and asbeftine or incombufliblt paper. Egyptian Paper, is that which was principally ufed among the ancients ; made of a rufh called papyrus, or biblus, grow- ing chiefly in Egypt about the banks of the Nile ; though it was alfo found in India ; and Guilandinus allures us, he faw in Chaldaea, at the confluence of the Tygris and Euphrates, large fens, wherein with his own hands he plucked a papyrus differing in nothing from that of the Nile. Strabo likewife fpeaks of a fort of papyrus growing in Italy ; but we do not find it was ever ufed for making paper.
The'defcription given by Pliny ' of the papyrus or paper-rujh, is fomewhat obfeure. Its root, according to him, is of the thicknefs of a man's arm, and ten cubits long : from this a- rife a great number of triangular ftalks 6 or 7 cubits hio-fij each thick enough to be eafily (panned. Its leaves are long like thofe of the bull-ruih ; its flowers ftamineous, ranged in clufters at the extremities of the ftalks; its roots woody and knotted like thofe of rufhes, and its tafte and fmell near a-kin to thofe of the Cvperus k . iVid. Plin. Hift. Nat.'h 13. c. 11. fc Vid. Theophr. Hift,
Plant. 1. 4. c. 9, and Dalecamp._ who gives us a figure of it,
Hift. 1. 18. p. 1883.— See alfo'Bauhin. 1. 18. c. 1S6. who
with Gefner makes it a fpecies of Cyperus. Grew, Muf.Reg;.
Societ. P. 2. fedf. 2. p. 225* feq. Maffei, Ijhr. Diplom. Bibl.
Jtal.T. 2. p. 246. J
Befides
