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not of Janfenitis. *}anfenifm has been condemned by the j^opesLMwz VIII. Innocent X. Alexander VII. and Cle- ment >XI.
JANUARY, the Name of the firft Month of the Ifear, according to the Computation now ufed in the r W'eji. The word is derived from the Lathi Januarius, a ' Name given it by the Romans, from ^antts 9 one of their Divinities, to whom they attributed two Faces 5 becaufe, ,00 the one Side, thefirftDay of January looked towards the New Year, and on the other towards the Old one. The word Januarius may alfo be derived from Janua, Gate } in regard this Month being the firft, is, as it were, the Gateof the Year. It was introduced into the Year by Nu- ma Po'itipilius : Romulus's Year beginning in the Month of March. The Chriftians heretofore fafted the mil Day of January, by way of Opposition to the Superftition of the Heathens, who, in honour of Janus, obferved this Day with Feaftings, Dancings, Mafquerades, &c.
■JAPAN-EARTH, alfo called Catechu, is an Earth of a dark purple Colour. It is very auftere upon the Palate, feems to melt, like the Bole, in the Mouth, and leaves fomewhat of a fweetifti Tafte behind it. It is famous for flopping Fluxes of all kinds.
JAPANNING, the Art of varniftiing and drawing Fi- gures on Wood, (5?c. after the fame manner as the Workmen do who are Natives of Japan, a famous Ifland not far from the Coaft of China. The manner of it is this ; they take a Pint of Spirit of Wine well dephleg- mated, and four Ounces of Gum-Lacca (which laft is firft broke from the Sticks and Rubbifh) and bruiting it roughly in a Mortar, they put it to fteep in Spring-wa- ter, tyed up in a Bag of coarfe Linen, together with a little CatUle-Soap, for the fpace of twelve Hours. This done, they rub out all the TincT-ure, an*l a.dd to ii u. little Allum, and referve it a-part j then add as much Maftick and white Amber, diftilled in a Matrafs, with the Spirit of Wine, by a two Days Digeftion, frequently ftirring it, that it don't flick to the Glafs 5 then {train and prefs it out into another Veffcl. This done, they take the Wood to be japanned, and cover it with a Layer of this Varnifh, till it be fufficiently drenched with it ; then taking fome of the Colour, of which the Figures are to be, they in- corporate it with feven times as much of the Varnifh, and apply it with a Pencil, going over each part three fe- veral times, each a quarter of an Hour after the other: two Hours after this they poliiTi it with Preftle, or Dutch Reeds. As to the Colours ufed in this Art, for a fair Red, they take Spanijh Vermillion, with a fourth part of Venice Laque. Black, they make of Ivory calcined be- tween two Crucibles? for Blue they ufe Ultramarine, and only twice as much Varnifh as Colour. The reft are applied as above directed, except the Green, which is difficult to make fair and lively, and therefore feldom ufed. Night-Japatwing is performed, by applying three or four Layers with the Colours firft, then two of pure "Varni/h uncoloured, made according to the former Pro- cefs. Before it be dry, they lift fome Venturine, or Gold "Wire, reduced to Powder, over it, and then cover it with as many Layersof pure Varnifli, as render it like poli/hed Glafs ■} and, lafUy, rub it over with Tripoli, Oil of Olive, or a Hatter's Felt.
JARR of Oil, is an earthen Veffel containing from 18 to z6 Gallons. A Jarr of green Ginger is about 100 Pounds Weight.
JASPER, a precious Stone, not much different from the Agate, excepting in this, that it is more foft, and does not take fo good a Polifh. In fome of thefe, Nature has amufed herfelf, in reprefenting Rivers, Trees, Animals, Landskips, $$c. as if they were painted. The florid Jafper, found in the Pyrcneans, is ufually flamed with va- rious Colours, tho' there are fome that have but one Co- lour, as Red or Green J but thefe are the leaft valuable. The moft beautiful is that bordering on the Colour of Laque y or Purple, next to that the Carnation ; but what is now ufually taken is Green, fpottcd with Red. Jafper is a Hebrew Word, and has neither been changed by the Latins, nor us. Some Greek Verfions give it the Name of Heryl. Onkehs csills it Panther, in regard of its being fpot- ted like that Animal.
JATRALEPTIC, the Name of that part of Phyfick which cures by Frictions, by the Application of Fomenta- tions and Plaifters. It was one Prodiats, a Difciple of Hip- pocrates, and a Native of Corinth, who firft inftituted it.
JAVELIN, a kind of Spear, or Half-Pike, ufed by the Antients, both on Horfeback and on Foot. It was five Foot and an half long, and the Steel, wherewith it was headed, had three Sides or Faces, which all terminated in a Point.
m JAUNDICE, a Difeafe, which confifts in an overflow- ing of the Bile. Of this there are three kinds 5 the firft, properly called the Jaundice, is owing to the yellow Bile, which, in this Cafe, is too exalted or too abundant in
theMafsof Blood ; or perhaps to an Obftruftion of the Glandsof the Liver, which prevents the Gall's being du- ly leparated from the Blood. The fecond, called the Black Jaundice, is owing to the fame yellow Bile min- S le £ with Acids. The third, bordering on Green^ takes its Kile alio from a Mixture of Bile with an Acid 5 this is ufually called the Green-Sicknefs, and is a Diftemper pret- ty common in young Women. In the Jaundice, the White of the Eye and the Skin are yellow, and troubled with an Itching ; in the Black Jaundice the natural Colour is loft, by reafon of an atrabilary Humour fpread underneath the Skin 5 it firft appears brownifh, and afterwards of a Lead- Colour. The Jaundice often proves a Forerunner of the Dropfy. A Doaor of the Faculty of Montpdher, calls A the Yellow Jaundice, at tended with periodical Pains, a Rheu- ™ matifm of the Liver 5 and another of the fameplace,callsit a Quartan Ague of the Liver. In the Journal of Leipfic, 'tis afferted that the Jaundice is nor occasioned by Ob- structions. The Acid Spirit of Sal Ammoniac is {aid to be an excellent Remedy againft the Jaundice. The word is de- rived from the French, Jamiffe, Teliownefs^ of Jaime Tellow. JAW, fee Maxilla. '
ICADES, the Name of an antient Feaft, celebrated every Month by the Epicurean Philofophers, in memory of their Mafter Epicurus. The Day on which it was held was the 20th Day of the Moon or Month, which was that whereon Epicurus came into the World. And hence came the Name Icades, «^ f fignifying a Score, from wjm, twenty. They adorned their Chambers on this Day, and bore his Image in State about their Houfes, making Sa- crifices.
ICE, a hard tranfparent Body form'd from fome Li- quor congeal'd or fix'd. Towards the Poles are found vaft Piles ot Ice reaching lwu 5T th« c hundred Feet above the Surface of the Water, and appearing like Mauds; about whofe Origin there are different Opinions : Some think 'tis Snow, which falling in great Abundance in thefe cold Climates, and melting in the Sea, accumulates gra- dually, till thofe huge Heaps are at length formed. But the more common Opinion is, that the Ice is formed from the fre/h Waters which flow from the neighbouring Lands. Bartoli has written an Italian Treatife exprefly on Ice and Coagulation. And the Ma Erudhorum furnifh us with an Account of a French Author on the fame Subject. See Freezing and Cold.
ICH-DIEN, the Motto under the Arms of the Prince of iVales, which Sir H. Spelman judges to be in Saxon 1c Thien, theSaxm D,with a tranfverfe Stroke, being the fame with Th, and fignifying, I ferve, or am a Servant 5 as the Saxon King,-, Minifters were called Thiens.
ICHNOGRAPHY in Perfpe&ive, is the View of any thing cut off by a Plane parallel to the Horizon, juft at the Bafe or Bottom of it. In Architecture it is taken for the Geometrical Plan, or Platform of an Edifice, or the Ground-Plot of an Houfe or Building delineated upon Pa- per, defcribing the Form of the feveral Apartments, Rooms, Windows, Chimneys, &c. and this is properly the Work of the Mafter Architect or Surveyor, being in- deed the moft abftrufe and difficult of any. In Fortifica- tion it is, in like manner, the Plan or Reprefentation of the Length and Breadth of a Fortrefs, the diftincl: Parts of which are marked out, either on the Ground itfelf, or up- on Paper. The word is derived from the Greek, )w&, Pef* tigium, and yfi&a, fcribo, as being a Defcription oftheFoot- fteps or Traces of a Work. See Plan.
ICHOGLANS, the Grand Signior's Pages, or white Eunuchs ferving in the Seraglio. They are the Children of Chriftians, and are bred up in an Aufterity fcarcely to be conceived. Thefe the Sultan prefers to Offices more or lefs confiderable, as they appear more or lefs devoted to his Service 5 but 'tis to be obferved, they are incapa- ble of Offices till forty Years of Age, unlefs they have fome particular Difpenfation from the Grand Signior. They are educated with a great deal of Care in the Se- raglios of Fera, Adrianople, and Conjlantinoph. They are under the Direction ot a Capi Aga, who prefides over their Exercifes, and treats them with a World of Severity. They are principally converfant in the Oda, or Halls, where, according to their feveral Talents or Inclinations, they are inftrucfed in the Languages, in their Religion, or in Exercifes of the Body. The word, according to fome Authors, is compofed of the two Turkifi words, ich t or itch, which fignifies within, and Oglan, Pate. In which S&nCc Ichoglan is a Page ferving within-fide the Palace or Seraglio. Others derive it from the barbarous Greek,
- iyKo\&{, or j^koa.©- s which was formed from the Latin
Incola. Thefe two Etymologies give nearly the fame Senfe to Icboglan, taking Incola for 'Domi'ts Incola.
ICHOR ftricf ly fignifies a thin watry Humour, like Se- rum, but it is fometimes alfo "fed for a thicker kind, flowing from Ulcers. The word is originally Greek, and fignifies Sanies, Rottennefs.
ICH-
