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There are alfo Female Hofpitallers of the Order of St. 3oh"n of Jemfaknt, fome times alfo called Chevalier effes, or She-Knights, of equal Antiquity with thcKnights them- felves 5 whofe Bufinefs was to take care of the Women- Pilgrims, in an Hofpital a-part from that of the Men.
MALTHA, a kind of Cement, formerly in great Ufe, compofed of Pitch, Wax, Plaifter, and Greafe. Befides this, there was another kind of Maltha wherewith the Romans plaiflered and whitened the Tnfides of their Aqueducls j this was a very fine Cement, confining of Lime flaked in Wine, incorporated with melted Pitch and frefh Figs. The natural Maltha is a kind of Bitumen, wherewith the Afiatich plaifter their Walls. When this Maltha is once fet on fire, Water won't exringuifh it, but ferves rather to make it burn more fiercely. The firft: Maltha was antiently ufed in the Dedication of Churches. MAMMjE. See Breajis.
MAMMELUKE, the Name of a Dynafty which reigned a considerable Time in Egypt. They were ori- ginally Turfoft and CircaJJian Slaves, bought of the Tar- tars by Melicfaleh, to the Number of a thoufand, whom he bred up to Arms, and raifed fome to the principal Offices of the Empire. They killed Sultan Moadam in 125c, being affronted at His concluding a Treaty with his Prifoner St. Louis without their Privity. This Moadam was the lall Sultan of the Majoubites j to whom fucceeded the lAammdukes, the firft of whom was Sultan Azeddin, or Jrfouz, Ibecy the Turcoman.
Others fay, that the Mammelukes were ordinarily cho- fen from among the Chriftian Slaves, and that they were the fame thing, in great meafure, with the Janizaries a- mong the Turks. They never married. The firft are faid to have been brought from Circaffa % and fome add, that they firft began to be talked of about the Year 859.
The Word comes from "t^Q, regere, imperare, the^rvr- bic Participle Paflive whereof is T^Qp, Mamluc, which fignifies SubjeB, or one under the Dominion of another. Scaliger holds, that the Word is Arabic, but that it pro- perly fignifies fomething bought with Money ; but o- thers will have it fignify any thing acquired, either as Prize or Purchafe.
MAMMIFORMIS, in Anatomy, a Name given to two Apophyfes of the Bone in the back Part of the Skull, fo called from their refembling a Breaft. See Maftoides.
MAMMILLARI.S, in Anatomy, an Epithet given to two little Protuberances, fomewhat refembling the Nip- ples of the Breaft, found under the Fore-Ventricles of the Brain, and fuppofed to be the Organs of Smelling. They are called Apophyfes MammUlares. There is alfo" a Mufcle called Mammillaris, or Majioides, ferving to f loop the Head.
MANAGE, or Manege, a Riding Academy, or Place for riding the Great Hcrfe, and for breaking Horfes to the proper Motions and Actions. In a Manage is a Place deftined for vaulting round a Pillar, a Courfe or Carrier for running the Ring, and on the Side are Pillars, be- tween which are placed the Horfes deftined for high Airs. Manage is alfo ufed for the Exercife itfelf, either of the Horfe or the Rider. The Word is borrowed from the French Menage, and that from the Italian Maneggio, or, as fome will have it, a Mann agendo.
MANCIPLE, a Caterer} there was antiently an Offi- cer in the Temple called by this Name, now called the Steward; and the Name'and Office is retained ftill in our Colleges in both the Univerfities.
MANDAMUS, a Writ that lieth after the Year and Day, whereas, in the mean time, the Writ called Diem claujlt extremum hath not been fent out to the Efcheator, for the famepurpofe to which it ftiould have been fent. M-mdamus is alfo a Charge to the Sheriff, to take into the King's hands all the Lands and Tenements of the King's Widow, that, againft her Oath formerly given, marrieth without the King's Confcnt.
MANDARIN, a Name given by the Porttigttefe to the Nobility of the Eajiern Countries, whom the Chmefe call Quoan, or rather Cohen, q. d. to ferve, to be a M'nifier of a Tr'mce. There are in China nine Crdersof Mmdar'ms 5 or nincDegrccs of Nobility; which have as many different Animals for their Cbaraclerifticks. The firft is diftin- guifhed by a Crane, thefecond by a Lion, the third by an Eagle, the fourth by a Peacock, &c. There are in all thirty-two or thirty-three Thoufand Mandarins in China. There are Mandarins of Letters, and Mandarins of Arms ; both the one and the other of which pafs feveral Exami- nations. Since the Time that the Tartars have rendered themfelves Matters of China, moft of the Tribunals, or Courts of Juftice, Z$c. inftead of one Mandarin for a Pre- fident, have two ; the one a Tartar, the other a Chmefe. The Mandarinat is not hereditary, nor are any raifed to it but Men of Letters.
Mandarin isalfo the Name which the Chmefe give to the
learned Language of the Country ; f or befides the pro- per and peculiar Language of each Nation and Province, they have one common to all the learned Men in the Empire 5 and which is that in China which the Latin is in Europe. This Language they call the Mandarin, or the Language of the Court. Their public Officers, as Nota- ries, Lawyers, Judges, and chief Magiftrates, write and fpeak the Mandarin.
MANDATE, in the Canon Law, is ftRefcript or Edift of the Pope, by which he commands fome Ordinary, Collator, or Prefenter, to put the Perfon there nominated in poffeflion of the firft Benefice vacant in his Collation. An Apoftolical Mandate for the Provision of Benefices, is a monitorial and comminatory Letter from the Pope to a Bifhop, by which he is enjoined to provide a Subfiftence for thofe who have been ordained by him, or his Prede- ceffors, from the Tonfurc to Sacred Orders inclusively 5 and to allow them this Subfiftence till they be pro- vided of a Benefice ; which Practice was occafioned by the Bi/hop's laying Hands on great Numbers, and after- wards abandoning them toMifery and Want. At firft the Popes only gave monitory Mandates, which were no more than fimple Prayers and Requefts, that did not bind the Ordinary j afterwards they gave preceptory Mandates^ which did not annul the Provisions of the Ordinary 5 at laft they fet up executory Mandates, by which the Pro- visions made by the Ordinary, in prejudice of the Man- date, were declared null, and the Executor of the Man* date, in default of the Ordinary, conferred the Benefice on the Mandatory : but the Pope's Power in iffuing thefe Mandates is now very much regulated and reftrained.
MANDERIL, a kind of wooden Pulley, making a Member of the Turner's Leath. Of thefe there are fe- veral kinds, as Flat Maiider'tls, which have three or more little Pegs or Points near the Verge, and are ufed for turning flat Boards on. Tin Mandcrils, which have a long wooden Shank to fit into a round Hole made in the Work to be turned. Hollow Manderih, which are hollow of themfelves, and ufed for turning hollow Work. Screzo- Manderils, for turning Screws, t$c. See Turnery. See al- fo Leath.
MANDIBULA, the Jaw. See Maxilla. Hence Matt- dibulares Mufcidi, and ManducatoriiMifatli. See Maffeters,
MAND1L, theName of a Cap or Turban wore by the Tcrfians. The Mandilis formed, by firft wrapping round the Head a Piece of fine white Linen five or fix Ells long 5 over this they wrap, in the fame manner, a Piece of Silk of the fame Length, and oftentimes of great "Value. To make the MttndU genteel, Care muft be taken, that in wrapping the Silk, it be fo managed, as that the feveral Colours, found in the feveral Folds, make a kind of* Waves, fomewhat like what we fee in marbled Paper. This Drcfs is extremely majeftic, but at the fame time very heavy. Jt ferves either as a Shelter to the Head from Cold, or as a Skreen from the exceffive Heat of the Sun 5 'tis faid the Cutlafs won't penetrate it. In rainy Weather they cover it up with a kind of Cafe or Hood, made of red Cloth. The Mode of the MandU has been altered of late 5 during the Time of Cba Abbas II. it was round at Top : in the time of Cha-Sotiman, they brought one Endof the Silk out of the middle of the Mandil over the Head 5 and, laftly, in the Reign of Cha- Vffein, the endof theSilk, inlieuof its being gathered as before, was plaited in manner of a Rofe ; and this the Terfians find extremely graceful, and ufe it to this day.
MANDRAGORA, Mandrake, a Medicinal Plant, which makes a principal Ingredient in the Unguent, called Topideum. There are two kinds of Mandrake, Male and Female, each bearing a kind of Apples 5 thofe of the Male, as well as the Leaves, Roots, &c. being twice as large as thofe of the Female - 7 but the Juice of each is a Poifon, equally violent. Naturalifts tell ftrange Stories of this Plant, but fetting afide its foporiferous Virtue, the modern Botanifts will fcarce warrant any of them, not even that human Figure ordinarily afcribed to its Roots, efpecially fin ce the Difcovery of the Arti- fice of Charletan's in preparing it, to furprize the Creduli- ty of the People. Chmefe Mandragora is the Plant Ginfeng, which fee.
MANDUCATION, the Action of chewing, a Term feldom ufed but in fpeaking of the Eucharift. The Ca- tholics maintain a real Manducation of the Body of Chrift 5 the Reformed, on the contrary, take this Manducation to be only figurative and by Faith. St. Augujiine calls it a Spiritual Manducation.
MANEQUIN, in Painting, is underftood of a little Statue, or Model, ordinarily made of Wax, and fome- times of Wood 5 the Junctures whereof are fo contrived, as that it may be put into any Attitude one pleafes, and its Draperies and their Folds be difpofed at Difcretion.
The
