OST
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OVA
expelling it again {lowly, and reftoring the Mufcles to their natural State.
Hence, its Effects are to move, accelerate, and diftribute all the Humours of the Body, equably thro' all the Vef- fels j thereby difpoling the Organs of Senfation, and all the Mufcles of the Body, for the Performance of their refpec- tive Functions.
OSCULA, in Anatomy, a Term ufed for the Orifices, or Openings of the lefTer Veffels. See Orifice, Vessel,
OSCULUM, in the new Analyfis. A Circle defcribed on the l J oint C, as a Centre (Tab. Analysis, fig. iz.) with the Radius of the Evolute M C, is faid to ofadate, kifs, the Curve defcribed by Evolution in M ; which Point M is call'd by the Inventor Hvygens, the Ofculum of the Curve. See Evolute.
The Line MC, is alfo call'd the Radius of the Ofculum. See Radius.
The Evolute BCE, is the Place of the Centres of all the Circles that ofculate the Curve AMI, defcribed by Evo- lution. See Evolution.
The Do&rine of the Ofcula of Curves, is owing to Monf. Leibnitz, who firft ftiew'd the Ufe of Huygens's Evolute in meafuring the Curvatures of Curves. See Curve.
Osculum Facts. Antiently it was a Cutlom in the Church, that in the Celebration of Mafs, after the Prieft had confecrated the Wafer, and fpoke the Words, Fax Do- taint vobifcnm, the People kifs'd each other, which was cal- led Ofculum Pads. When this Cuftom was abrogated, ano- ther arofe j and while the Priefts fpoke the Words, a Dea- con or Sub-Deacon offer'd the People an Image to kifs 5 which they call'd, Facem.
OSIANDRIANS, the Name of a Se£t among the Re- formed 5 fo call'd from Andrew Oftimder, Father of Luke.
Their diftinguiftu'ng Doctrine was, That Man is juftify'd formally, not by the Faith and the Apprehension of the Tuftice of Jefus Cbrift, or the Imputation of our Saviour's Juitice, according to the Opinion of Luther, and Calvin ; but by the effential Tuftice of God.
Vemi-Ofiandrians, were fuch among the Ofiandrians, as held the Opinion of Luther and Calvin with regard to this Life 5 and that of Ofiander with regard to the other: arfert- irig, That Man is juftify'd here by Imputation, and here- after by the effential Tuftice of God.
OSSA, in Anatomy. See Bones. . j
OSSICLE, little Bone; a Diminutive ofO;, Bone. See Bone. 1 -
In this fenfe, the Term is ufed among Anatomifts.
Botanifts alfo ufe it for the Stone of a Cherry, Plumb, Apricot, or other Stone- Fruit. See STONE-Bw'r.
OSSIFICATION, in the Animal Oeconomy, the For- mation of the Bones. See Bone.
Bones, Dr. Drake argues, are form'd out of the moll com- minuted or broken part of the Blood j fince we fee that the Blood of old Men, which by a long Courfe of Circulation , becomes in a manner unfit for the common Office of Nu- trition, will however offify\ and convert into Bones, many of the Tendons and Ligaments, and even the Coats of the Veffels themfelves; whofe Subftance being next to the Bones the moft compact, admits only of the fmalieft Par- ticles of the Blood 5 which therefore fooneft become of- feats, as they are frequently found. See Nutrition, &c.
OSTENSIO, was a Tax antiently paid by Merchants, $$c. for leave to ftiew or expofe their Goods to Sale in Markets.
OSTENSIVE Demonflrations, in Logic, fuch as plainly and directly demonftrate the Truth of any Proposition 5 in which they are diftlnguiftied from Apogogicalones, or De- ductions ad abfurdum, or ad impffbile, which prove the Truth propos'd, by demonstrating the Abfurdity or lm- poffibility of the contrary. See Demonstration.
Thefe 0/?ew/z?e Demonfhations are of two forts; fomeof which, barely, but direclly, prove the thing to be ; which they call 077; and others demonftrate the Thing from its Caufe, Nature, or effential Properties, and thefe are call'd in the Schools Jioii.
OSTEOCOLLA, in Natural Hiftory, q. d. glue-bone, a white, or afh-colour'd Stone, fhapedlikea Bone, and by fome fuppofedto have a quality of uniting broken Bones j on which account it is order'd in fome PlaHers 5 but the prefent Practice has no fuch Dependance on it.
OSTEOCOPE, an acute Pain, wherein the Patient is affecled as if his Bones were breaking.
Itarifes from a fharp Humour vellicating the Fcriofiitm, or Membrane wherewith the Bones are invefted .
Itisparticularly incident to fcorbutic and pocky Perfons.
The Word is form'd from the Greek oTiov, Bone, and xwntv, to break.
OSTEOLOGY, that Part of Anatomy which teaches
the nature of the Bones of the human Body ; their Form Difpohtion, Articulation, Ufe, &c. See Bone.
Dc.Clopton Havers has given us an Ojhology ; in good repute d 5
The Word is form'd from the Greek SrW, Bone, and
- 6>©~, Difcourfe.
OSTIA, in Anatomy, a Term ufed indifferently with Ofcula, Orifices, ckc. tor the Mouths or Apertures of the Veffels of the Body 5 as the Ofiia Vagm^ &c. See Va-
GINA. j
OSTRACISM, akind of popular Judgment orCondem- nation among the Athenians ; or a Sentence of Bani/hment againlt Perfons whofe too great Power render'd them fuf- pefted to the People ; or, whofe Merit and Credit gave Umbrage left they fhould attempt fomething againft the public Liberty, and their Power degenerate into Tyranny. See Banishment.
It had iti name Ojhacifm, in regard the People gave their Votes, by writing the Name of the Perfon to be banifh'd in i. Shell os&aqv, and calling the Shells into an Urn.
This kind of Banifiiment had nothing infamous in it as not being for any Crime j but, on the contrary, was held very honourable, as :t was a Mark of Popularity.
It lafted for ten Years, but the banifh'd Perfon had the full enjoyment of his Eftate all the time.
Ojhacifm was null, unlefs there were 6000 Citizens in the AfTcmblyof the People.
OSTRACITES, in Natural Hiftory, a kind of crufty Stone, reddifh, and in form of an Oiiler-ihell, and, like that, feparable into Lamina ; found in feveral Places in Germany 5 and held of good Service in the Gravel.
Dr. Home, in the Fhilof. TranfaB. fays, it rather dirTclvei the little Stones than forces 'em out, as not being remar- kably Diuretic. He adds, that he prefcribes it in Powder with a third part of Flares Chamomelt. The Dofe is from half a Drachm toa whole one in white Wine.
Ostracites isalfo the Nameofa kind otCadmh found at the bottom of the Furnaces wher Coppereis purify'd. 'Tis very heavy, and refembles an Oifter-fhell, whence its Name. It is efteemed aftringent and deterfive ; and is an Ingredient in feveral Unguents. SeeCADMiA.
OTACOUSTIC, a Term apply'd to Int;ruments which aid or improve the Senfe of Hearing. See Hearing.
The vvord is form'd. from the Greek if ans, Ear, and es&8», I hear. See Acoustic,
OTALGIA, in Medicine, a Pain in the Ear.
The Otalgia ufually arifes from an Inflammation ; fome- times from a fharp ferous Humour, which vellicates the Membrane wherewith the Canal of the Ear is lined. It is fometi'mes alfo occafion'd by a Wound or Ulcer in that Parr, Or from fome -pungent Matter gather'd within the Ear. ■
The Word is form'd from the Greek «; arcs, Ear, and a.hy©-, Pain.
The Smoke of Tobacco convey'd into the Ear through a Pipe, Etmidler recommends as good to affuage this Pain 5 as alfo Millepedes in a proper Vehicle of Oil.
The Otalgia fometimes arifes from a Worm in the Ear ; which is to be drawn out alive, or kill'd within. Warm Milk tempts the Worm to come forth 5 Wormwood Juice deftroys it within. See Worms,
Ol'lOSl, in the Hebrew Cuftoms. The Learned are ex- ceedingly divided about the Decern Otiofi, ten idle Perfons in the Jewifh Synagogues.
Some fay, they were the three Presidents and the feven Readers 5 others that they were ten Perfons hired to attend conftantiy at the Synagogue, becLiufe, without the Number Ten, itcould be no regular Synagogue, nor legal Aflembly 5 fo that the Decern Otiofi were ten idle Folks kept in pay, to form, by their Prefence, a legal Synagogue. See Syna- gogue*
Vitringa in his Arch'i- Synagogue, refutes this Opinion $ and will have them to be ten Directors, or Officers in the Synagogue. He fhews that each Synagogue had its Di- rectors 3 and that the Number was greater or lefs accor- ding to the Dignity of the Synagogue 5 that the fmalleft had at leaft two ; that, from the firft times, each Syna- gogue had its Chief, call'd Archi-Synagogus, who had two Colleagues, to be prefent at the Ceremonies, and other Afts of Religion, and to take care every thing were done with decency j but that the Archi-Synagogus referv'd to himfelf the Power of Teaching : That befides thefe three, the Archi-Synagogus nam'd feveral Readers, who read in the Synagogue every Saturday ; and that thefe made the Decent Otiofi of the Synagogue 5 fo call'd, becaufe being dife"gaged from all other Employment, their whole At- tendance was on Divine Service.
OVA, Egis, in Natural Hiftory, fee Egg.
Ova, in'Anatomy, &c. are little fpherical Bodies, in form of Bladders, or Bubbles j conllfting of two concen- tric
