PEN
( 78o )
PEN
Grotius calls him in latin, Jdfeffor farifferittlS; Mm/la, JM- 'wcaws Geueralis; Mathaus, Profeffor at Leiden, Confiliarius •Penfionarius ; which is the Quality the States give him in their Inftruments.
Vfe of the PENTJGIUPH or Parallelogram.
1. To Copy a Defign in the fame Scale or Bignefs as the
Pensionary, u alfo the firft Minifter of the Regency of Original: Screw the Worm 5 into the Table; lay a Paper
each City, in the Province of BoUttni. See Province. under the Pencil 4, and the Defign under the Poini 5. This
His Office is to give his Advice in Matters relating to the done> conducing the Point over the feveral Lines and Parts
Government, either ot the City in particular, or of the State of the Defign, the Pencil will draw or repeat the fame on the
in General; and in Aftembhesot the States of the Province is Paper.
Speaker in behalf of his City „. if the De fi gn be t0 bc re(W1 £ intQ half ^
Yet, the Functions of t<nt& fPenflonaries is not alike every Space . the Worm muft be placed at the End of the long
where: In fome Cities they only give their Advice; and are Ruler 4; and the Paper and Pencil in the Middle. In this
never found in Affembhes ot the Magiftrares, except when Situation conduct the Brafs-point over the feveral Lines of
exprefly call d thither : In others they attend conftantly; and the Dcfign as before ; and the Pencil at the fame Time will
in others they even make the Propofitions on the Part of the draw its Copy in the Proportion required; the Pencil here
Bourguer Maflers, draw up their Conclufions, £& only moving half the Lengths that the Point moves.
They are call A fPenflonanes, becaufe they receive an Ap- Hence, on the contrary, if the Defign be to be enlarged by
poinrment or 'Penjwn. one half.- The Brafs-point, with the Defign, muft be placed in
Gestkmm- Pensioners, a Band of Gentlemen whofe t he Middle, at Pig. 3 . the Pencil and Paper at the End of the
Bufinefs is to Guard the King s Perfon in his own Houfe; lma Rukr- and g e Worm a , the othcr * nd who for that End wait in the preience Chamber.
long Ruler, and the Worm at the other.
3. To enlarge or reduce in other Proportions, there are They were firft fet onFoot by K. Henry VII. The Num- Ho]es drilrd £ equa] Difta nceson each Ruler, ok all along
the ihort ones, and half way the long ones $ in order for plac- ing the Brafs Point, Pencil, and Worm in aright Line therein; i. e. if the Piece carrying the Point be put in the third Hole, the two other Pieces muft be put each in its third Hole.
If then, the Point and Defign be placed at any Hole of the
great Rulers, and the Pencil with the Paper at any Hole of
the fhort Ruler, which forms the Angle therewith ; the Copy
ill be left than half the Original, On the contrary, it it be
bcr is Potty 3 and each obliged to keep three double Horfes and a Servant, who is to be arm'd: fo that they properly make a Troop of Guards j and have accordingly been mui- ter'd bv their own Officers • but this part of Duty, to which they are fwore, the King ufually difpenfes with.
Their Officers are a Captain, Lieutenant, Standard-bearer, and Clerk of the Cheque.
Their ordinary Arms are guilt Pole-Axes, with which they
— , , - , r v * ,-,, _ , „ , . . j win ugicia Ljiduunn mt wiiHiiwi. xju me contrary, it
attend the King to and from the Chapel Royal ; receiving laced g , one of the Holes f tilu!hon Rul h £ h is
him in the Preience Chamber or coming out of his private ^ m t0 the j RuJ( , r the c ;j, b ' fam fa
Lodging ; as alfo at all great Solemnities. Their 'Penfion the Original.
i o/./cr.fc»«. The Conftruflion of this Inftrument requires a Degree of
PENTACHORD, an ancient mufical Inftrument, with Ac which moft of our Inftrument Makers are Strangers five Strings ; whence the Name, ot wem, rive, and x°^ CL
Chord .String
The Invention of the 'Pentachord is referr'd to the Scythians: The Strings were of Bullocks Leather, and were ffruck with a 'PleQnem made of Goats Horn.
PENTACROSTICK, a Set or Series of Vcrfes fo dif- pos'd, as that there are always found five Acrofticks of rhe lame Name , in five Divifions of each Verfe. See Acrostic.
PENTAGON, in Geometry, a Figure with £k Sides, and five Angles ; whence its Name;from theGreekniVTzyms Suinqtiaigahs. See Polygon.
If the five Sides be equal, the Angles are fo too ; and the Figure is call'd a regular 'Pentagon : As Fig. 47. Tab. Geo- .
metry. , „ _
Moft Cittadels are regular (Pentagons. See Cittadil.
The moft confiderable Property of a 'Pentagon is, that one of its Sides, V. g. 2) E, is equal in Power to the Sides of a Hexagon, and a Decagon inferibed in the fame Circle A"B C iD E: that is, the Square of the Side D E is equal to the Sum of the Squares of the Sides 'D a and 1) b.
<Pafpii has alfo demonftrated that twelve regular Pentagons contain more than twenty Triangles inferibed in the fame Circle, Lib. 5.prob.45.
The'Sodecahedrcn, which is the fourth regular Body, con- fifls of twelve 'Pentagons. See Dodecahedron.
'Pro\eRien or 'Perffecthe oj a Pentagon. See Per- spective.
PENTAGRAPH, an Inftrument whereby Defigns , Prints &c. of any Kind, may be copied in any Pro- portion ; without a Perfon's being skill'd in drawing. See De-
sion, Reduction, S?c. The Inftrument is otherwife call'd a 'Parallelogram.
See
Parallelogram.
The common •PentagraJ-h (reprefented T&b.Mifcellany Fig.6.) confifts of four Brafs or Wooden Rulers, two of 'em from 1 5 to 1 8 Inches long, the other two half that length. At the Ends, and in the Middle of the longer Rulers, as alfo at the Ends of the fhorter are Holes ; upon the exact fixing whereof the Perfection of the Inftrument chiefly depends. Thofe in the Middle of the long Rulers are to be at the fame diftance from thofe at the ends of the long ones, and thofe of the fhort ones ; fo that when put together they may always make a ^parallelogram.
The Inftrument is fitted together for life, by feveral little Pieces, par&ularly a little : Pillar Fig 1. having at one End a "£f%r f^J^x^] ^ADe'utenmm'y. See Bible." Screw and Nut, whereby the two long Rulers are loined : and ■*- •*" > , , . ,- * , , c ' . - , J „ .
I the othefa little Knot for the Inftrument to Aide on. The TheWord is form'd from the ■Greek „ t n* wx &. Pece ° is a R vet with a Screw and Nut, wherewith each 'PenStrpn, ,„ his Ufi.MVTefl. produces agoodNum- ifiot Ruler is feften'd to the Middle of each long one. The ber of Paffages to prove that ^ was not wholly the Au-
' . ri'n i,j>1i»n/u»; it 'i -Mr. o thorof the Wentateucg, as we now have it. Indeed, thole ap.
Pece 2 is a Pilar, one End wnercot oeing hollow d into a lllul " \ ,. i_r-j r ai • j - r
riece j» 1 11U.U, »•">,■• o carent Interpolations at the End, are fumctent 10 determine
Screw, has a Nut to fit it. C r ™ .*.. :5k.:„„ „kr.,-'j .„ r..„..„r. M„fi,, .!,„ a,„k„.„i-- .1..
At the other End is a Worm to fcrew into the Table : when the Inftrument is to be ufed, it joins the Ends of the two Ihort Rulers. The Piece 4 is a Pen, Portecraion, or Pencil, fcrew'd into a little Pillar. Zaftly, the Piece 5 is a Brafs- point, moderately blunt, fcrew'd likewife into a little Pillar,
to ; for which rcafon there are very few of the Inftruments that fucceed. Few will do any Thing tolerably but ftraight Lines ; and many of 'em not thofe.
PENTAMETER, in Poetry, a kind of Verfe, confiding of five Feet. See Verse and Foot.
The two firft Feet of a 'Pentameter, may be either Dact yls, or Spondees ; the third always a Spondee ; and the two lafb Anapefts.
It is ufually join'd to Hexameters, in Elegies, Epiftles, Epigrams, and other little Pieces. There is no work of 'Pen^ tameters alone. See Hexameter.
The Word is form'd from the nintjurejy, q. 4. fine Ma- res.
PENTAPETALOUS 'Plants, are fuch whofe Flower confifts of five Leaves. See Plaet.
PENTAPOLIS, in Geography, f£c. a Country wherein are five Cities.
The Name has been given to feveral Countries, particular- ly the Valley wherein flood the five infamous Cities deitroy'd by the Shower of Fire and Brimftone, in ths Time of Abra- ham.
'Tis commonly fuppofed, this Country was the Place where now Hands the Lake Jj'fhahites, or dead Sea ; Sanfon places it in the Neighbourhood of this Lake, but without any Proof. 2)' Herbelot calls this the 'Pentafolis of the Sodomites.
fix 'Pentafolis of Egyp was in the' Cyrenaica , on the Sea of Libya ; its five Cines were llertnice, Arfnce, t Ptole?nais i Cyrene, and Jplhnia.
Among the ancient Geographers and Hiftorians, we like- wife read of the 'Pentefohs of Libya, now call'd Mejlrata ;
The 'Pentaplis of Italy ; and rhe 'Penta£clis of Jfia. Minor.
PENTAPTOTON, in Grammar, a Noun which has only five Cafes. See Jlptote and Case.
PENTASTICH, in Poetry, a Stanza, or Divifion of a Poem, confifling of five Verfes. See Stanza.
PENTASTYLE, in Architeflure, a Work wherein are five Rows of Columns.
Such was the 'Portico begun by the Emperor Gallian, and which was to have been continued from the Flaminian-Gale to the Bridge Milvitis, i. e. from the 'Porto del 'Populo, to the Ponte-mole.
PENTATEUCH, in the facred Learning, the five Books of Mofes, at the Head of the Old Teftament; ito. Genefis,
the Point; it being abfur'd to fuppofe Mofes the Author of the Account of his own Death and Burial, and ot the Compari- fon between him and the fuccecding Prophets in Tfrael.
Thefe interpolated Paffages are ufually attributed to Ef dfas ; who, on his Return from the Sabyhnifb Captivity, is
fup-
