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Boards of the Floors are laid : They are from fix to eight Inches fquare, and ought feldora to lie at a greater di- Itance from each other than ten Inches, never than twelve ; nor ought they ever to be longer than ten Foot, or to lie lefs into the Wall than eight Inches. Sometimes the Carpenters furr their Jotjis, as they call it, that is, lay two Rows of joljti one over the other.
JONCTURE, or JOINTURE : The fame with Joint.
, IONIC, in Architecture, is the Name of one of the five Orders. The firit Idea of it was given by the People of lon-a ; who, according to Vitru-vius, form'd it on the Model of a young Woman, drefs'd in her Hair, and of an eafy elegant Shape : whereas the Doric had been form'd on the Model of a ftrong, robuft Man. ' The Ionic Column is the third in order ; and is-diilinguifli'd from the Compo- fite, in that it has none of the Leaves of Acanthus in its Capital; and from the Tufcan, Doric and Corinthian, by the Volutes, or Rams-Horns, which adorn its Capital: and from the Tufcan and Doric, too, by the Channels or Flutings in its Shaft. Thefe Flutings are in number 24. They arc not always concave from the top of the Shaft to the bottom ; but for that third of it next the Bafe, are £UM up with a kind of Rods or Canes, by the trench call'd Batons: and in the other two thirds, are left hollow, or ftrlated, in imitation of the Folds or Plaits of a Gar- ment. This Column is a Medium between the Maffive and the Delkate Orders, the Simple and the Rich. Its Height is iS Modules, or $> Diameters of the Column ta- ken at the bottom. When it was firft invented, its Height was but 16 Modules ; but the Anticnis, to render it flill more beautiful than the Doric, augmented its Height, by adding a Eafe to it, which was unknown in the Doric. M. le Clerc makes its Entablement 4 Modules and 10 Minutes, and its Pedellal 6 entire Modules : fo that the whole Order makes 28 Modules 10 Minutes. J Tis faid, the Temple of Diana at Ephefus, the moft cclebra- tcd Edifice of all Antiquity, was of this Order. At pre- fent it is rro/ i crly ufed in Churches and Religious Houfes, in Courts of Juilicc, and other Places of Tranquillity and Devotion. This Order has one advantage above any of the rell, and it confifts in this, that the fore and hind- pans of its Capital are different from its Sides. But this is attended with an Inconvenience, when the Ordonnance is to turn from the Front of the Building to the Side : To obviate which, the Capital may be made Angular, as is done in tbeTemple of Fortuna Vtrllis, Scamozzi, and fome other modern Architects, have introduced the upper part of the Compofite Capital in lieu of the Ionic--, imitating that of the Temple of Concord, whofe four Sides are alike : to render it more beautiful, the Volute may be made a little oval and inclining. See Order and Volute.
lomc Diatefl, in Grammar, is a manner of Speaking pe- culiar to the People of Ionia. At firit it was the fame with the anticnt Attic, but palling into Afa, did not arrive at that Delicacy and Perfection to which the Athenians at- taint. Inilead of that, it rather degenerated, in AfiaMi- ?;o>'j being corrupted with the AdmifTicn of foreign I- dioms. In this OialeU it was that Herodotus and Hipocrates wrote.
Ionic T.-anfmigration was heretofore a very celebrated Epoch 2. It took its Rif* from the Retreat of the Athe- nian Colonies, who, upon the Death of CadmSj put them- felves under the Command of his Son Neleus, and efta- blifiYd the twelve Cities of Ionia in Afia. Thefe Colo- nies, according to Eratoflhenes, were eftabliftVd 50 Years after the Return of the Heraclid* ; and, according to Mar- Jham, 77 Years after the taking of Troy.
Ionic Sett, was the firit of the anticnt Setts of Philofo- phy ; the others were the Italic and Eleatic. The Foun- der of this SeB was Thales, who being a Native of Miletus in Ion'ui, occafion'd his Followers to alTume the Appella- tion of Ionic. 'Twas the diftinguiftiing Tenet of this SeB, That Water was the Principle of all Natural Things. This is what Pindar alludes to in the beginning of his firft Olympic Ode.
JOURNAL, a Day Book, Regiflcr, or Account of what palfes daily.
In Merchants Accounts, the journal is a Book into which every particular Article is polled out of the Wafte- Eook, and made Debtor: This is to be very clearly ex- prefs'd, and fairly en^rofs'd.
Journal, in Sea-ArYairs, is a Regifter kept by the Pi- lots ; wherein particular notice is taken of every thing that happens to the Ship from Day to Day, and from Hour to Hour, with regard to the Winds, the Rhumbs, the Rake, Soundings, ££c- in order to enable them to ad- mit their Reckoning, and determine the Place where they are. /
Journal is now become a common Name for many of our News-Papers, which detail the daily Tranfaclions of Europe. It is alfo ufed for the Title of feveral Books
which come out at dated Times, and give Abdracts, Ac- counts, gw. of the feveral new Books that are publifh'd, and the feveral new Improvements daily made in Arts and Sciences. The firft journal of this kind was the jW- nal des Sea-vans ', printed at Pari*. The Defign was fc t on foot for the Eafe of fuch as are too buiy or too lazy to read the entire Books themfclves. It feems an excellent way of fatisfytng a Man's Curiofity, and of becoming learned upon eafy Terms : And fo ufeful is it found, that it has been executed in moll other Countries, tho under a great Variety of Titles. Of this kind are the Fbilojophical TranfaUions of London ; the ABa Eruditorum of Lciffic? the Repuhlique des Lettres ; the BiUiotheque UnherfeUe Z$ Chjijie of M. le Clerc j the Memoirs of Tree-ves, &c. In 1692, Juncker printed in Latin, An Hijtoriccd Treatife of the Jour- nals of the Learned, publifti'd in the feveral Parts of Europe j and Wolfiv.s, Burchardm, Gotte/Jius, and Stru-vius > have done fometbing of the fame kind. The Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences ; thofe of the Academy des Belle 1 : Lettres ; The Mifcellanea Nature Curi->fon:m, which ended in 1705 5 The Experiments of the Academy del Omento ; The ABa Philo-Exoticorum Nature & Artr, which appear'd from March \6%6 to Apd 1687, and which are a Hillory of the Academy of Biejfe ; and the Mfce'lanea Berolinenfia > or Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin, are not properly Journals, tho they are frequently rank'd in the Number.
Juncker and Wolfius give the Honour of the firft Inven- tion of "journals to Fhotius. His Bibliotheca, however, is not altogether the fame with our Journals ; nor was his Dcfign the fame. It confifts of Abridgments and Ex- tracts of Books that he had read during his EmbafTy in Perfia.
M.Salo firft began the Journal des Sca-oans at Paris in itf<J5, under the Name of the Sieur hledouville ; but his Death foon after interrupted the Work. Upon this the Abbot Gallois took it up, and he in the Year 11J74. gave way to the Abbot de la Roque, who continued it nine Years, and -was fucceeded by M. Coufin, who carried it on till the Year 1702, when the Abbot Bigrion inftituted a new Society, and committed the Care of continuing the Journal to them. It was now improved, and publifhed under a new Form. This Society is Hill continued, and M. de Foyer has the Infpeclion of the Journal ; which is no longer trte Work of any fingle Author, but of a great Number. The other French Journals are the Memoirs and Conferences on Arts and Sciences, by M. Denis y du- ring the Years 167a, 1673, and 1674, New Difcoveries in all the Parts of Fhyfic by M\ de Blegny. The Journal of Phyfic, begun in 16^4, and lume others difconrinued al- moft as foon as begun. The Nouvclles de la Rcpubltque des Lettres, News from the Republic of Lettres, were begun by M. Bayle in 1684, and carried on by him till the Year 11587, when M. Bayle being difabled by Sicknefs, his Friends M.Berjiard and M. de la Roque took 'em up, and continued 'em till 1699. After an Interruption of nine Years, M.Ber?iard refumed the Work, and continued it to the "Year 171c. The H't&ory of the Works of the Learfied^ by M. Bafnage, was begun in i6%6, and ended in 1710. The Unmerfal Hijlorical DiBionary, by M. le Clerc, was continued to the Year 1693, and contained twenty five Volumes. The BiUiotheque Choifie, of the fame Author, be- gan in 1705. The Memoirs for a Hiilory of Sciences and Arts, ufually called Memoires de Trevoux, from the Place where they are publifhed, began in 1701. The Ejfays of Literature reached but to a twelfth Volume in 1702, 1703, and 1704 ; thefe only take notice of antient Authors. The Journal Litteraire, by Father Hugo, begun and ended in 1735. At Flambourgh they have made two Attempts* for a. French Journal, but the Defign failed : an Ephemeris Sea- vans has alfo been undertaken, but that foon difappeared. A Journal des Scavans, by M. Dartis, appeared in 169$, and was dropt the Year following. That of M. Chauvin begun at Berlin in 1696, held out three Years; and an Eflay of the fame kind was made at Genoa. To thefe may be added, 'the Journal Lhteraire, begun at the Hague in 1 7 13, and that of Verdun, and the Hijioire Littera'tre de la Grande Breta^ne, by M. de la Roche, whereof there have already been four Volumes, and which is confined to Eng- hf? Books alone.
The EngHJh Journals of this kind are the Hijrory of ths Works of the Learned, begun at London in 1699. Cenfara Temporum in 1708. About the fame time there appeared two new ones; the one under the Title of Memoirs of Li- terature, containing little elfe but an Englifb Tranllation of fome Articles in the foreign Journals, by M. de la Roche ; the other a Collection of thofe Trafts, entitled Bibliothtca Curiofa, or a M'tfcellany.
The Italian Journals are that of Abbot Nazari, which lafted from 1^8 to itfSr, and was printed ztRome. That of Venice began in KS71, and ended at the fame time with the other; the Authors were Peter Moretti and Francis Miletti. The Joumaloi Parma, by Roberti and Fadier Bac~
chitii.
