s cu
crates, 'PpimmacMs, Sti-atonicus, Autigonns, who wrote on the Subject of his Art ; the famous Authors of the Laocoon, viz. Agefanier, 'Polyiore, and Athenodorm, and infinite others, the Names of fome whereof have patfcd to Pofterity ; thole of others have perilhed with their ■Works: For though the Number of Statues in Afia, Greece, and Italy, were fo immenle, that in Rome alone, as we are informed, there were more than there were living Perfons, yet we Have hut very few now left, at ieaft very few of the fineft. When Marcus Scatims was jEdile, his Office obliging him to provide what was requiiite towards the Publick Rejoycings, he adorned the (lately Theatre, which he erected, with 3000 Brazen Statues; and though L. Mummius, and Luatllus, brought away a great Number out of Afia and Greece, yet, there were itill above 3000 remaining in Rhodes, as many at Athens and mote at Delphi : but what is mod extraordinary! is the Bignefs of the Figures, which thofe ancient Arrilts had the Courage to undertake. Amongft thofe Luculhts brought to Rome, there was one of Apollo, 30 Cubits high ; the Coloffus of Rhodes, made by Cares of Zyndos, theDilaple ot Lycippus, far exceeded it; JvWs Statue', made by Xeno.ioms, after that of Mercury, was atlb of an extraordinary Size, being 1 10 Feet high: Sculpture, however, did not continue above 150 Years, after 'Phi- dias's Time, till it began infcnfibly to decline ; not, but that there were Mill fome fine Pieces of Workmanfhip both in Greece and Italy, though not performed with & good a Fancy, and fuch exquifite Beauty,
Befides that tbe Greek Statues are mod efleemed for the Work; there is a fpecial Difference between them, and thofe of the Romans: in that the grt-ateft Part of the firft are naked, like thofe who wre.lle or perform fome other bodily Exercile, wherein the Youth of thofe Times placed all their Glorv ; wi.ereas, tie others are clad or armed, and particularly have the Tt&a on, which was the greateft Mark of Honour amongft the Romans.
To perform any thing in the Way of Sculpture, they begin with making a Model of Earth, or Wax. For Earthen Models, they life but few Inftrumenrs : Their Hands and Fingers do almoil the Whole For Waxen Models, to a Pound of Wax they put half a Pound of Colophony ; ibme add Turpentine, melting the Whole with Oil of Olive: Some add a little Vermillion, or other Matter, to give it a Colour. 'Tis wrought and molded with the Fingers, like Earthen Models.
Sculpture in Wood,
For Sculpture in Wood, which we properly call Carv- ing, the firft Thing required, is, to chufe a Wood pro- per for the particular Kind of Work. If it be any thing large, and require a deal of Strength and Solidity, the hatdeft and moil durable Wood is to be chofen, as Oak or Chefnur. For finaller Works they ufe Pear-free, and Service-tree ; but as thefe Woods are very hard, for little delicate Works they ufe fofter Woods, only clofe, and of a rue Grain : Such is the Linden-tree, which the Chiflel is ibund to cut more eaflty, and cleanly, than any other Wood.
As to Statues, we find tbe Ancients have made them of almoli all Kinds of Wood. At Sicytm was an Image «f Apollo in Box ; at Ephefus, that of Hiana was in Cedar. As thefe two Kinds of Wood are very hard, and even held incorruptible, efpecially Cedar ; 'Pliny obferves, they were judged particularly expedient for Reprefentations of the Deities. In a Temple, on Mount (menus, dedicated to Mercury, was an Image of that God form'd of the Wood of the Lemon.Tree ; Others there were of the Palm-Tree, Olive- Tree, Ebony, and oven of the Vine.
For large Works, if it be only fingle Figures, 'tis bet- ter they confift of feveral Pieces, than of a fingle one, °y reafon of the Liablenefs of the latter to warp ; for every large Piece may probably not be dried to the Hearr, however ir may appear without Side. Obierve, ■hat the Wood will not be fit for working, till after it lave been cut at lcaft ten Years.
Sculpture in Marble, and other Stones.
The firft Thing they do, is out of a great Block of Marble to faw another of the Size required, which is Perfonned with a fmoofh Steel Saw without Teeth, caft- ™g Water and Sand thereon, from Time to Time : Then I 7 falhion it, by taking oft" what is fuperfluous with a «™ed Point, and a heavy Mallet ; after this, bringing "war the Meafures required, they bring it flill nearer
- ™ another finer Point, They new ufe a flat catting
[ 37]
scu
Inftrument, having two Notches in its Edge, or three
firmer^ ,Y T,™, 5 *** ° ff the Scotches h" forme* has left. This laft Inftrument they ufe with a
Stf to t?e r' P y ' g'™g M hercb yaSof,„ e( s, y and Tender neb to their Figure; nil, at length, taking Rafos of gfcnt Degrees of Finenefs, by decrees thejfbnn^ let Work into a Condition for Policing.. To Pol, II, or make the Parts fmooth and fleek, they ufe Fumice-Stone, and Smair; then Tripoli, and when a ftill greater Luftrc is required, 4 Skin and burnt Straws
When any coflfiderable Work is undertaken as a Statue, Baflb Ref. ; e>Oj or the like, chey always make a Model, before-hand, of Clay; but as this fhrinks in dry- ing, and eafily cracks and breaks, they only ufe it to make a Mould of Plaifter, or Stucco, wherein they make a Figure of the lame Matter, Which ierves them thence- forth for a Model, and by which" they adjuft all their Meafures and Proportions. To proceed the more regu- larly, on the Head of the Model they place an immovea- ble Circle, divided into Degrees, w.irh a moveable Ruler, or Index, rattened in the Centre of the Circle, and di- vided hkewife into equal Parts. From the End of rhe Ruler hangs a Thread with a Plummet, which ferves to luri? r Points t0 bc transte ""cl thence to the Block of Marble, from whole Top hangs another Plummet like that of the Model. Indeed there are fome excellent Sculp- tors who dilapprove of this Method, urging, That he finalleft Motion of the Model changes their Meafures, for which Reafon they rather choofe to take all their Meafures with the Compaffes.
For the Cafiing of Statues, or Figures, of Metal; and the Moulding of Statues, Sec. of Stucco, llaifier, Sec. See Statue.
SCUM, a light Excremenr, arifing from Liquors when briskly ftnred, called Foam, 01 Froth: See Froth. --The Wo.d is alio ufed tor rhe Impurities which a Liquor by boiling calls up to the Surface ; and alio, for thole taken from off Metals when infuied ; called Mn'Diofs.
Scum of Lead is a Kind of Smalt of various Colours, produced from the Smoak of Lead. See Lead
Scum of Silver is what we commonly call Litharge of Silver. See Litharce.
Scum of Nitre* Scum of Salt.
r 1 s « i
Salt-Petre. Salt,
SCURVY, in Medicine, a Difeafe called by the Phy- ficians Scorbutus. See Scorbutus-
M. 'Impart, in rhe Memoirs cf the French Academy, gives us a very accurate Hiltory of a particular Kind of Scurvy, very frequent in 'Pans in the Year 1699. The! Symptoms, and Goniequenccs, uf this new Scurvy were very extraordinary ; and loon determined M. 'Pwpmt to conclude it ibmewhat of that cruel Plague wherewith rhe Athenians were lb long and ib dreadfully hairafl'ed; Yet was it a true Scurvy, and rhe Perfons attacked with it had atl the ufual Scorbut-c Symptoms,
SCUTAGE, in ancient Cultoms ; All Tenants who held from the King by Military Service, were eithef bound to attend pcrionally in Wars and Expeditions, or, for Default of fuch Service, to pay a Scutage, or Cotnpo- fition in Money, which was levied on every Scutum Mi* litare, or Knights Fee. and the proportional Parts for the King's Ufe ; and the Barons, and Knights, who then paid a Scutage to the King, had a Power to levy tbe fame Tax on thofe Tenants who held from them in Military Service. The Scutage was at one, two, or three Marks for each Knight's Fee. See Escuace.
SCUTCHEON. See Escutcheon.
SCUT1FORME OS, in Anatomy, the chief Bone of the Knee, called alfb latelta, Mela, &c. See Patella.
SCUTIFORMIS CARTILAGO, in Anatomy, one of the Cartilages of the Larynx, the broadeft, and biggeft of them all : Thus called, becaufe in Form of a Shield, or fquare Buckler, called by the Greeks 9v P ,k, whence 'tis alfo called by us Thyorides. 'Tis alfo called the An- terior, becaufe fituate in the fore Parts. Tis gibbous with^ out Side, and hollow within : Sometimes double, chiefly in Women, in whom it does not advance fo far forward as in Men. The People call it Adam's Apple, or, fPo- mum Adami. See Pomum, (ge.
SCUTTLES in a Ship, are fquare Holes cut in the Deck, big enough to let in the Body of a Man ; to let People down into any Room below, upon Occaiion; They are generally before the Main mad, before the Knight in the Fore-cattle : In the Gun-Room to go down to the Stern-Sheers : In the Round-houfe to go down into the Captain's Cabin, when forced by the Enemy in a Fight aloft. There are alfo fome (mailer Scuttles, which have Gratings over them, and all of them have Covers [K] to
