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About the Year 1236, a Jew of Rcchel, well vers'd in the Hebrew, becoming Chw-ftian, made a Journey to Pope Gregory IX. and dilcover'd to him a Number of Errors in the Thalmud : Theie the Pope iends, in 39 Articles, to the Archbifhops of France, with a Letter, appointing them to feize the Books of the Jews, and to burn all iuch as ihould contain thofe Errors 5 in Coniequence of which Or- der, above 20 Cart Loads of Hebrew Books were burnt. He wrote to the iame Effect to the Kings of England, France, Arragon, Caftile y Sec.
His Succeffor, Innocent IV. giving Commiffion to his Le- gate Elides de Cbateatiroiix, to examine the Thalmud, and other Jewip Books more carerully, and to tolerate iuch Er- rors as were not contrary to the Chriftian Religion 5 the Legate wrote to the Pope, rhat to tolerate them was to approve them ; and the 15th of May, 124S, he condemn'd them Juridically.
TALON, in Architecture, a kind of Aflragal 5 or Mould- ing confuting of a Iquare Fillet, crowning a Cymatium 5 frequently found to terminate Ornaments of Joyners-Work, as thole of Doors, &c. See Cymatium.
The Talon is a Moulding concave at the Bottom, and convex a-top 5 having an Effect juli oppofite to the Doucine. See Doucine.
When the concave Part is a-top, 'tis call'd an Inverted 'Talon. The Talon is ulually call'd by our Englijh Work- men Ogee, or 0. G ■-, and by Authors an upright or inverted Cymatium. See Ogee.
The Word is French, and literally fignifies Heel.
TA.LPA, in Medicine and Chirurgery, a Tumour thus call'd, of the Ocdematous Kind. See Oedematous.
The Talpa, and Nates, chiefly arile about the Head, as the Cunfequt-nce of ibme Venereal Diforder. See Nates.
The Talfee elevate the Skin from the Pericranium; and generally denote a Foulneis in the luhjacent Bone of the Skull.
TALUS, in Anatomy, a Bone, call'd alio Ajfragalus. See Astragal.
In its upper Part, it has a Convex Head, which is articu- lated with the two Fociles of" the Leg, by Ginglymus, it be- ing divided by a little Sinus, which receives the fmall ■ Pro- tuberance in the Middle of the Sinus of the Tibia : With- out this Articulation, we mult always, in going, have trod on the Keel with our Fore-foot, and our Toes with the Hind-foot. See Tibia.
The fore Part of the Talus, which is alfo convex, is re- eeiv : d into the Sinus of the Os Naviculars See Navicu-
fcARE.
Below, towards the hind Part of its under Side, it has a pretty large Sinus, which receives the upper and hind Part of the Os Calcis : And towards the fore Part of the fame Side it has a Protuberance, which is receiv'd into the upper and fore Part of the iame Bone. Betwixt this Sinus, and this Protuberance, there is a Cavity, which anlwers to ano- ther in the Os Calcis; in which is contain'd an oily and mucous Sort of Subflance, for moiftening the Ligaments, and facilitating the obicure Motion of theie Bones when we go.
Talus, or Talut, in Architecture, the fenfible Inclina- tion or Slope of a Work ; as of the Outride of a Wall, when its Tnickneis is diminifh'd by Degrees, as it rifes in Height, to make it the firmer. See Wall.
Talus, in Fortification: The Talus of a Safiion, or Rampart, is the Slope allow'd to fuch a Work, whether it be of Earth or Stone, the better to fupport its Weight. See Rampart.
The 'Talus exterior of a Work, is its Sreepnefs on the Side of the Field, which is always made as little as poifi- ble, to prevent the Enemies Scalado ; unlefs the Earth be bad, and then it is abfbluteiy ueceffary to allow a confider- able Talus for its Parapet.
The Talus interior of a Work, is its Steepnefs on the In- fide towards the Place.
TAMARINS, or TAMARINDS, a kind of Medicinal Fruit, of a tart, agreeable Taffe ; brought from the Eafi Indies, and call'd by fome Indian T)ates, and by others the Indian Acacia.
The Tree which yields it, call'd by the Indians Tamarinds, and the c Portuguefe Tamarindos, is not unlike our Afii, or Walnut Tree ; its Leaves relemble thofe of Female Fern 5 its Flowers are join'd eight or ten together, like thofe of the Orana" Tree.
Its"Fruit is in a Pod, the Length of a Finger, and the Thicknefs of the Thumb ; cover'd at flrfl with a green Rind, which afterwards becomes brown, and contains a blackifli Pulp, among which are found Seeds refembling Lu- pines : ! Tis this Pulp alone that is brought to us, and us'd in Medicines. _
The Tamarinds muft be chofen big, of a Jet Colour, a brisk Tafte, not too dry, and fuch as have not been laid in the Cellar, nor falfify'd with MolafTes of Sugar and Vinegar. They are found laxative, cooling, and good to quench
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TAN
)
Thirft. In burning Fevers they are prefcrib'd to moiften and cool the Mouth.
TAMBAC, or TAMBAQUA, a Mixture of Gold and Copper, which the People of Siam hold more beautiful, and let a greater Value on, than Gold itfelf.
s ° me T ravelIers rpcak of ic as a Metal f °™d in its peculiar Mines ; but upon what Authority we don't know. The Abbe de Choify, in his Journal of Siam, doubts whether it mayn't be the Elefirum , Amber, of Solomon.
The Embaffadors of Siam brought feveral Works in Tambac to 'Paris, in the Reign of Louis XIV ; which were not found ib beautiful as was expected.
TAMBOUR, in Architecture, a Term apply'd to the Corinthian and Compofite Capitals ; as bearing fbme Re- femblance to a Drum ; which the French call Tambour, See Cafttal.
Some chufe to call it the Vafe, and others the Campantt. BcH. See Vase, iSc.
Tambour, is alio us'd for a little Box of Timber-Work, cover'd with a Ceiling, within-fide the Porch of certain Churches ; both to prevent the View of Perfons palling by, and to keep off the Wind, &c. by means of folding Doors)
Tambour is alfo a round Stone, or Courfe of Stones, le- veral whereof form a Section of the Shaft of a Column, not ib high as a Diameter.
TAMPION, TAMKIN or TOMKIN, a kind of Plug or Stopple, ferving to clofe aVeflel; particularly to keep down the Powder in a Fire-Arm, ££c.
In charging a Mortar, or the like, over the Powder is ufu- ally put a thin round Piece of Wood to keep the Shot, Ball, Shell, or the like from the Gun-powder. This Piece is call'd a lampion, and by means hereof, the'Shot is exploded with the greater Vehemence. See Charge, efrc.
The Word is form'd from the French, Tampon, a Bung, Stopple, &c. Some derive it from the Englifli Tap.
TAN, the Bark of the Oak ; chopp'd, and ground, by a Tanning Mill, into a coarfe Powder 5 to be ufed in the Tanning or DreiTmg of Skins. See Bark and Tanning.
New Tan is the moil elleem'd ; when Old and Stale, it lofes a deal of its Effect, which confifts in the condenfing or doling the Pores of the Skins 5 fo that the longer the Skins are kept in Tan, the greater Force and Firmnefs they ac- quire.
In effea, not only the Bark, but every Part of the Oak Tree, of what Age or Growth foever, all oaken Coppice, l£c. cut in Barking Time, makes good Tan 5 as good at le2lt , as the beft Bark.
This, when got, is to be well dried in the Sun, houfed dry, and kept fb. To ule it, the greater Wood may be fhaved fmall, or cleft, fit to be cut fmall by a Tanning Engine for rhe Purpofe ; which done, 'tis well dried again on a'Kiln, and then ground by the Mill.
Wnere Oak is fcarce, Thorns may fupply the Defect.
TANGENT, in Geometry, a right Line, which touches a Circle, that is, which meets it in fuch Manner, as that though infinitely produced, it would never cut the fame ; that is, never come within the Circumference. See Circle, &.
Thus the Line AD (Tab. Geometry Fig. 50 ) is a Tangent to the Circle, in D.
'Tis demonftrated in Geometry, i°That if ^Tangent AD, and a Secant A B, be both drawn from the fame Point A ; the Square of the Tangent will be equal to the Rectangle, under the whole Secant A B, and that Portion thereof A C, which falls without the Circle. See Secant.
2° That if two Tangents, as AD A E be drawn to the fame Circle from the fame Point A, they will be equal to each other.
Tangent, in Trigonometry. A Tangent o/^i ^-^, is a right Line, railed perpendicularly on the Extreme of rhe Diameter, and continued to a Point, where it is cut by a Secant, that is by a Line, drawn from the Centre through the Extremity of the Arch whereof it is a langent.
Or thus 5 A Tangent of an Jlrch E A (Tab. Trigononjecy Fig. 26) is a Parr of a Tangent oi a Circle (that is, of a right Line which touches a Circle without cutting it) intercepted between two right Lines, drawn from the Centre C, through the Extremes of the Arch E and A. See Arch.
Hence, the Tangent F E is perpendicular to the Radius E C.
And hence the Tangent F E is the Tangent of the Circle ACE, as alfo of that A CI : fo that Two adjacent Angles have only the fame common Tangent.
Co-Tangent, or Tangent of a Complement, is the Tangent of an Arch which is the Complement of another Arch to a Quadrant. See Complement.
Thus, a Tangent of the Arch A H, is the Co-tangent of the Arch A E, or the Tangent of the Complement of the Arch A E.
To find the Length of the Tangent of any Arch 5 The
Sine of the Arch being given: Suppofe the Arch, AEj
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