TOR
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TOR
The Italian Engravers have given a great deal of Light to this Science. See Sculpture and Engraving.
TOREUTICE, TojeuT/jctj, that Part of Sculpture, call'd Turning. See Sculpture- and Turning.
The Word is form'd of the Greek, Toy*©-, or Top®-, Lath, of 7 0fe<y, terebro, perforo.
TORIES, orToRYs, a Party or Faction in England* op- posite to the Whigs. See Faction.
Thefe two celebrated Parties, which have fo long divided our Country, will make a considerable Article in the Englift Hiftory, nothing inferior, in many Refpects, to that ot me Guelfs and Gibellms. — The Diviiion has gone lb deep*, rhat it is prefum'd, no J&igli/bfftdttj who has any Concern or Principles at all, but inclines more to one Side than the other : For which Realbn, we /hall borrow our Account of them from the Mouths of Foreigners, who may be i'uppos'd more impartial ; and particularly from M. de Cize, a French Officer, fome time in the Service of England, who has wrote the Hillory of Whigifm and Tori'fttt, printed at Leipjic, Anno 17 17; and M.Rapin, whole T)iffe nation fur fas, Wighs & fas Tbtys, printed at the Hague the fame Year, is well known.
During the unhappy War which brought King Charles I. to the Scaffold ; the Adherents of that King were firft call'd Cavaliers, and thole of the Parliament Round-Heads ; which two Names were afterwards chang'd into thofe of Tories and Whigs, on the following Occafion.
A kind of Robbers, or Banditti in Ireland, who kept on the Mountains, or in the Iflands form'd by the valt Bugs of that Country, being call'd Tories ; a Name they {till bear indifferently with that of Rafipafees 5 the King's Enemies accufing him of favouring the Rebellion in Ireland, which broke out about that Time, gave his Partisans the Name of Tories: And, on the other Hand, the Tories, to be even with their Enemies, who were clofely leagu'd with the Sects, gave them the Name of IVhigs, which is that given in Scotland to another Kind of Banditti, or rather of Fana- ticks, in that Country. See Whig.
The Cavaliers, or Tories, had then principally in View the Political Inrerefts of the King, the Crown, and the Church of England: And the Hound-Heads, or Whigs, pro- pos'd chiefly the maintaining the Rights and Inrerefts of the People, and of Proteftanifm. Nor have the two Factions yet loft their firft Ideas; tho' their firfl Names, Cavalier and Round-Head, be now entirely difus'd.
This is the moll popular Account ; and yet 'tis certain the Names Wftigund Tory were but little known till about the Middle of the Reign of King Charles U. M..deCize relates, that it was in the Year 1678, that the whole Nation was firft obferv'd to be divided into IVhigs and Tories ; and that on Occafion of the famous Depofition of TuusOam, who accus'd the Catholicks of having confpir'd againft the King and the State. — The Appellation Whig was given to fuch as believ'd the Plot real ; And Tory to thofe who be- liev'd it fictitious.
"We mould here, confine ourfelves to the Tories 3 and for what regards the Whigs, refer to that Article ; but iinoe by comparing and confronting the two Parties together, both the one and the other will appear in the ftronger Light, it would be imprudent to feparate them ; fo that we rather chafe to fay the lefs under the Word Whigs, and refer thence hither.
The Factions we are fpeaking ofj may be confider'd either with Regard to the State, or to Religion.
The State Tories are either violent or moderate : The firft would have the Sovereign to be aMblute in England, as in other Countries, and his Will to be a Law. This Party, which is not very numerous, has yet been confiderable ; i Q u On Account of its Leaders, which have been Lords of the firft Rank, and generally Minifters and Favourites. 2 . In that being thus in the Miniftry, it engag'd the Church Tories to maintain ftiffly the Doctrine of Pafiive Obedience. ;°. Becaufe the King has ufually thought it his Intereft to fup- port them.
The moderate Tories would not fuffer the King to lofe any of his Prerogatives ; but neither would they facrifice thole of the People. Thefe, favs M. Raftin, are true Englipmen ; have frequently fav'd the State, and will fave it again when- ever it mall be in Danger, either from the violent Tories, or from the Republican Whigs. . , _
The State' Whigs, ag^in, are either Republican or Mode- rate ■ The firft, according to ou>- Author, are the Remains of the Party of the long Parliament, who took in Hand to thanoe the Monarchy into a Commonwealth : Thefe make fo (lender a Figure, that they only ferve to ftrengthen the Party of the other Whigs. The Tories would perfuade the World, that all the Whigs are of this Kind ; as the Whigs would make us believe that all the Tories are violent.
The moderate State Whigs are much in the fame Sentiments as the moderate Tories ; and defire the Govemmentfmay be maintain'd en its ancient Foundation : All the Difference is,
that the moderate Tories lean a little more to the Side of the King, and the moderate Whigs to that of the Parliament and ieople. Thefe laft are in a perpetual Motion to prevent the Rights of the People from being broke in upon : and have fometimes taken Precautions at the Expence of the
Crown
Before we confider our two Parties with Regard to Reli- gion, it muft be obferv'd, that the Reformation, as carry'd on to a greater or lefs Length, divided the Englifi into£pif- copahans,and Presbyterians or Puritans : The firft contended, that the Epiicopal Jurifdiftion mould be continued on the fame Footing, and the Church in the fame Form, as before the Reformation : The latter maintain'd, that all Minifters orPriefts had equal Authority ; and that the Church ought to be govem'd by Presbyteries, or Confiftories of Priefts and Lay Elders. See Presbyterian, 1$g.
After long Diiputes, the more moderate of each Party re- lax'd a little of their Stifrneis, and thus form'd two Branches of moderate Whigs, and moderate Tories, with regard to Religion ; but there was a much greater Number kept to their Principles with inconceivable Firmnefs: And thefe conftituted two Branches of rigid Epifcopalians and Presby- terians, fubfiftingto this Day ; and now compriz'd under the general Names of Whigs and Tories; in regard the firft join the Tories, and the latter the Whigs.
From what has been obferv'd, we may conclude, that as the Names Tory and Whig have a Regard to two different Objects, they are equivocal, and of confequence ought never to be apply'd without exprefling in which Senfe 'tis done 3 — For the lame Perfcn may be, in the different Refpects, both Whig and Tory.
A Presbyterian, for Inftance, who wifhes the Ruin of the Church of England., is certainly, on that Score, of the Party of Whigs.; yet if he oppoie the Attempts fome of his Party would make againft the Royal Authority, it can't be deny'd but he is effecTually a Tory.
After the like Manner, the Epifcopalians ought to be efteem'd as Tories with Regard to the Church; and yet how many of them are Whigs with Regard to the Govern- ment ?
For the reft, the general Motives that have form'd and kept up the two Parties, appear, in the main, to be no other than the private Motives of particular Ferlbns : Self-Intereft is the Primum Mobile of their Actions ; Ever fince the Rife of thefe Factions, each has ftruggled earneftly to get the Advantage over the other; inafmuch as from fuch Supe- riority accrue Places, and Honours, and Promotions, Jjfc. which the prevailing Party distributes among its own Mem- bers, exclufive of the contrary Party,
As to the Characters commonly attributed to the Whigs and Tories, The Tories, fays M. Rapin, appear fierce and haughty : They treat the Whigs with the laft Contempt, and even fome what hardly, when they have the Advantage over them : They are very hot and vehement, and proceed with a Rapidity which yet is not always the EffecT: of Heat and Tranfporr, but has its Foundation fometimes in good Policy : They are very fubject to change their Principles, as their Party prevails, or gives Way.
If the rigid Presbyterians prevail'd in the Whig Party, it would not be lefs hot and zealous than that of the Tories ; but 'tis faid they have not the Direction thereof; which gives Room to affirm, that thofe at the Head of the Whig Party are much more moderate than the Chiefs of the Tories : Add, that they ufually condufl: themfelves on fix'd Princi- ples, proceed to their End gradually, and without Violence 5 and their Slowncls is not lefs founded on good Politicks, than the Haffinefs of tbeTories. — Thus much, fays our Author, may be faid to the Advantage of the moderate Whigs, that, in the general, they maintain a good Caufe, viz. the Con- ftitution of the Government as by Law eftablifh'd. See Whigs.*
TORMINA, in Medicine, a Term ufed to exprefs Pains in the General ; but particularly a Species of Pain call'd Tormina Ventris, or AM ; in Englift, the Gripes. See Gripes.
Young Children arc very often troubled with Gripes ; 'tis upon this account, that Nurfes^ in order to prevent or remedy them, ufually mix with their Spoon-meats, a little Brandy or fome Carminitive Seeds, as Carus Seeds, &G: See Child- ren.
Some Children breed their Teeth with violent Gripes, which is apt to turn to Convulfions of the Bowels. See Dentition.
In Adults, the dry Gripes is ufually cured by the Exhibition of warm Catharticks, fuch are Tincture of Hiera Picra, Elixir Salutis, Tinaure of Rhubarb, gc. with the Affiftance of Opiats.
TORNADO, a fudden and violent Storm at Sea. See Whirlwind.
TORNESOL, Tournesol, or Turnsol, called alfo
Heliotrope, and Sun-flower, and by the Eotanifls Ricionoides y
I L 1 1 ] a Plant
