TOW
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T O X
In England, the ufe of all Torture is abolifh'd, both in Civil and Criminal Matters; and even in Cafes of High Treafon 5 rho* fomething like it {till obtains, where the Cri- minal refufes to plead. See Paine fort & dure.
In France, the Torture is not praftifed in Civil Matters : But by an Ordonnance of 1670, if a Perfon be accufed of a Capital Crime, he may be put to the Queftion, t. e. to the Torture, if there be confiderable Proof againft him, and yet not Proof enough to convict him. See Proof.
There are two Kind* of Torture 5 the one Preparatory, appointed before Sentence pafs'd 5 the other "Definitive, de- creed by a Sentence of Death.
. The (preparatory Torture, is order'd Manentibus Judiciis, fo that if the Accufed don't confcfs, he cannot be condemn d to Death, but only ad omnia citra Mortem.
The Definitive Torture, is that a condcmn'd Criminal is put to, to make him confefs his Accomplices. TheOrdinary Torture is given at (Paris with Six Quarts of Water, and the little Treftle 5 and the Extraordinary, with Six other Pots, and the great Treftle.
In Scotland, the Torture is given with the Boot. See Boot.
In Come other Countries, by heating the Criminal's Feet 5 in others, with Wedges, &c.
The Torture, fays M. Srmere, is a fure Expedient to deftroy an Innocent Perfon of a weak Complexion, and to fave a Criminal of a robuft one. — It was a noble Saying of an Ancient, They who can, and they who cannot bear (he Torture, mil equally lie.
TOTTED. A good Debt to the King is, by the foreign Appofer, or other Officer in the Exchequer, noted for fuch by writing the Word tot, q. d. tot pecuniec Regi debentur, whence it is faid to be totted.
Alfb that which is paid is to be totted. See Exche- quer.
TOTUM. See Whole.
TOUCAN, in Aftronomy, a Conftellation of the South- ern Hemifphere. See Constellation.
TOUCH, in Mufic. An Organ is faid to have a good Touch, when the Keys dole, and He down well 5 being nei- ther too loofe, nor too fiiflR See Organ.
Touch the Wind, in the Sea Language, is when the SteerVman at the Helm is bid to keep the Ship as near the Wind as may be. See Steerage.
TOUCHING is fometimes us'd for the Senfe of Feeling. See Feeling.
Touching, in Geometry. A right Line is faid to touch a Circle, when it meets it in fuch Manner, as that being pro- duc*d it does not cut, but falls without the Circle. See Tan Rent.
TOUCH fione, a black polifli'd Stone, us'd to try Metals upon. See Stone.
The Ancients call'd it Lapis Lydius, the Lydian Stone, from Zydia, a Country of Jfia minor, whence it was brought.
The Moderns call it Touch-fone, in regard the Proof they make of Metals, is by touching or rubbing the Metal to be try'd on the Stone, and comparing the Colour of the Mark it leaves thereon, with the Mark of another Piece of Metal of the lame Species, whofe Goodnefs is pail doubt. See Metal.
TOUR, Turn, a French Term, often us'd among Englip Writers, for a Journey. Thus we fay the Tour of Paris, of Ro?ne, &c.
Tour of Hair, a Trefs, or Border of Hair, going round the Head, which mingled dexterouily with the natural Hair, lengthens and thickens it. See Hair.
Theft Tours are for Men. — The Women likewife ufe Tours, and falfe Hair, either to hide their Age, or to ftip- ply the Thinnels of their natural Hair on the Forehead and Temples.
The Form is different according to the Mode; fometimes rais'd and curl'd, fometimes ftraight and laid flat along the Forehead. See Perruke.
The Word is pure French, fignifying literally a Round, or fomething that goes around.
TOURN, in Law. See Turn.
TOUT temps prifi & uncore eft, q.d. always ready, and ib at the prefentTime; is a kind of Plea in Way of Excuie or Defence, for him that is fued for any Debt or Duty be- longing to the Plaintiff. See Plea. -
TOW. Whatever is drawn by a Ship or Boat with a Rope, is fiid to be towed after her.
TOWAGE, the halcing or drawing a Ship or Barge by Men or Beafts, or by another Ship or Boat, faflen'd to her 5 in order to make he r enter a Port, afcend a River, or the like.
The Term is alfo us'd for the Money, or other Recom- pence, given by Bargemen to the Owner of the Ground next the River where they tow a Barge or other Veffel, for the Liberty of paOlnp along the Side thereof
The Word is probably deriv'd from the Saxon, Teon^ to draw.
TOWER, a tall Building, confifling of feveral Stories, and ufually of a round Form.
Before the Invention of Guns, they us'd to fortify Places 'with2 r OTtm5 and to attack them with moveable Towers of Wood; , mounted on Wheels, to fet rhe Befiegers on a Level with the Walls, and drive the Bcfieg'd from under the fame,
Thefe Towers were fometimes 20 Stories, and 30 Fathom high : They were cover'd with raw Skins, and an hundred Men employ 'd to move them.
Towers are alfo built to enable one, by their Elevation, to view to a great Diitance.
Thele are of all Figures 5 as, fquare, round, pentagonal, \£c* See Pharos.
In China is a famous Tower of 'Porcelain, whereof the Dutch relate Wonders. See Porcelain.
Towers are alfb built for Forrreffes, Prifons, \$c. as the Tower of London, the Towers of the Ballille, &c. See Fortified "Place),
The Tower of London is not only a Cittadel, to defend and command the City, River, &c. but alfb a Royal Palace, where our Kings with their Courts have fometimes lodg'd 5 a Royal Arfenal, wherein are Arms and Ammunition for 60000 Soldiers 5 a Treafury for the Jewels and Ornaments of the Crown 5 a Mint for coining of Money ■ the great Archive, wherein are preferv'd all the ancient Records of the Courts of Weftminfter, Sec. and the chief Prifon for State Criminals. See Arsenal, Mint, £$c.
In the midft of it is the great fquare, white Tower, built by William the Conqueror; -.- Within the Tower is a Pa- rochial Church, exempt trom all Jurifdi&ion of the Arch- bifhop, and a Royal Chapel, now difus'd.
The chief Officer of ihe Tower is the Co7?Jlable, under whom is the Lieutenant, who acts by his Direction, and in his Abfence. He has by Grant of feveral of our Kings, Unam Lagenam, two Gallons and a Pint of Wine, out of every VefTel; and a certain Quantity out of every Boat laden with Lobfters, Oyfters, and other Shell Fifh, and double the Quantity out of every Alien's Boar, pafling by the Tower : To him alio belongs a Fee of 200 I. tor every Duke committed Prifoner 5 100/. for every Peer not a Duke, and 50^. for every Commoner. See Constable, 2?£
Under the Conitable, and, in his Abfence, under the Lieu- tenant, are a Gentleman Porter, and the Warders.
The firft has Charge of the Gates, to lock and unlock them, and deliver the Keys every Night to the Conttable, or Lieutenant, and receive them of him next Mormna; He commands the Warders who are upon the Day's Wait • and at the Entrance of a Prifoner has for his Fee Vtflimenta Su- periora, or elfe a Compofition for the fame, which is ufually 30/. for a Peer, and 5/. a-piece for others.
Note, The ancient Allowance from the King to a Duke or Marquis, Prifoner in the Tower, was 12/. a Week, now but 4/. To all other Lords anciently 10 1, a Week, now il. 45. $4. To Knights and Gentlemen anciently 4/. a Week, now 13 J. and 4^. And to inferior Perfbrs, now 10 s. per Week.
The Yeomen Warders of the Tower are 40, who are ac- counted the King's DomelUc Servants : Their Duty is to at- tend State Priioners, and to wait at the Gates : Ten of them to be upon the Day's Wait, to take account of all Per- ions that come into the To wer, to enter their Names, and the Names of thofe they go to : Two of them are on the Watch all Night. See Warder.
In the Tower is Iikewiie kept a Court of Record every Monday, by Pr'eicriptipn, for the Liberty of the Tower, of Debt, TreJpafs, and other Actions of any Sum. See Court.
Befide the ancient Liberty of the Tower, which adjoins to it; the old Artillery Garden by Spittle-Fields, and the little Minories, are within the Tower Liberty; within which the Gentleman Porter has the lame Power and Authority, as Sheriffs within their rejpeftive Counties. See Ord- nance, $$c.
Hollow Tower, in Fortification, is a Rounding made of the Remainder of a Brifure, to join the Courcin to the Orillon.
TOWN, a Place inhabited by a confiderable Number of People j of an intermediate Degree between a City and a Village. See Village, ££?c.
'Tis very hard to give a tolerable Definition of a Town, in regard the Idea is a little arbitrary and unfix'd. A Town is generally without Walls, which is the Character that ufu- ally diftinguifhes it from a City; But this does not hold univerfally. See City.
We have feveral Kinds of Towns; Borough Towns, Mar- ket Towns, County To&ffiS. See Borough, &c.
TOXICA, a Sort of Poifbn, faid to be us'd by the Indi- ans to their Arrows, in order ro render Wounds made by them incurable. See Poison.
The Indians are fuppos'd to poifon their Arrows, Daggers, t$c. with the Virus of Vipers, the mifchievous Effects where- of continue a long Time after the Matter is quite dry'd up. See Viper*
TRA.BEATION,
