trades are notoriously "open shop", and also boast of the most powerful employers' associations.
III.
In no instance can one force be abstracted and used to explain the complicated social phenomena which affect trade union policies and tactics, but a close scrutiny of any situation will generally reveal that some or all of the above described forces enter into it.
2. INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION AND THE ORIGIN OF
THE WORKING CLASS
I.
a. To understand how capitalism functions, the beginnings of the working class and the policies and tactics of unions, it is necessary to understand industrial evolution and how the present capitalist system developed.
b. Other social forces like tradition, custom, institutions, leadership have also left their mark on the development of capitalism and the labor movement; the economic factors, however are the most important.
II.
These econoic forces may be divided into three great categories. But this is done in order to better understand their various ramifications. It must be borne in mind, however, that they are interdependent and operate simultaneously.
III.
a. The first of these great economic forces explains industrial evolution according to the manner in which man produces. It is the theory made famous by Marx and Engles and is known as the Production Theory, or the theory that explains industrial evolution on the lines of technical development.
b. Without technical improvements the modern factory system would not have been possible. It is the lack of technical improvements that has made it possible in the needle trades to produce wearing apparel in sweat-shops and contract shops with their innumerable and baffling evils.
IV.
a. The second of these great economic forces explains industrial evolution by the markets in which man sells that which he produces. It is known as the market theory.
b. According to the Market Theory:
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