BOOK V.
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N the last book I have explained the methods of delimiting the meers along each kind of vein, and the duties of mine officials. In this book[1] I will in like manner explain the principles of underground mining and the art of surveying. First then, I will proceed to deal with those matters which pertain to the former heading, since both the subject and methodical arrangement require it. And so I will describe first of all the digging of shafts, tunnels, and drifts on venae profundæ; next I will discuss the good indications shown by canales[2], by the materials which are dug out, and by the rocks; then I will speak of the tools by which veins and rocks are broken down and excavated; the method by which fire shatters the hard veins; and further, of the machines with which water is drawn from the shafts and air is forced into deep shafts and long tunnels, for digging is impeded by the inrush of the former or the failure of the latter; next I will deal with the two kinds of shafts, and with the making of them and of tunnels; and finally, I will describe the method of mining venae dilatatae, venae cumulatae, and stringers.
- ↑ It has been suggested that we should adopt throughout this volume the mechanical and mining terms used in English mines at Agricola's time. We believe, however, that but a little inquiry would illustrate the undesirabOity of this course as a whole. Where thereis choice in modern miner's nomenclature between an old and a modern term, we have leaned toward age, if it be a term generally understood. But except where the subject described has itself become obsolete, we have revived no obsolete terms. In substantiation of this view, we append a few examples of terms which served the English miner well for centuries, some of which are still extant in some local communities, yet we believe they would carry as little meaning to the average reader as would the reproduction of the Latin terms coined by Agricola.
Rake = A perpendicular vein. Slough = Drainage tunnel. Woughs = Walls of the vein. Sole = Lowest drift. Shakes = Cracks in the walls. Stool = Face of a drift or stope. Flookan = Gouge. Winds 
Bryle = Outcrop. Turn = Winze. Hade = Incline or underlay of the vein. Dippas Grove = Shaft. Dawling = Impoverishment of the vein. Dutins = Set of timber. Rither = A “horse” in a vein. Stemple = Post or stull. Twitches = "Pinching" of a vein. Laths = Lagging. As examples of the author's coinage and adaptations of terms in this book we may cite:
Fossa latens = Drift. Fossa latens transversa = Crosscut. Tectum = Hangingwall. Fundamentum = Footwall. Tigna per intervalla posita = Wall plate. Arbores dissectae = Lagging. Formae = Hitches.
We have adopted the term “tunnel” for openings by way of outlet to the mine. The word in this narrow sense is as old as “adit,” a term less expressive and not so generally used in the English-speaking mining world. We have for the same reason adopted the word “drift” instead of the term “level” so generally used in America, because that term always leads to confusion in discussion of mine surveys. We may mention, however, that the term “level” is a heritage from the Derbyshire mines, and is of an equally respectable age as “drift.” - ↑ See note on p. 46-47. The canales, as here used, were the openings in the earth, in which minerals were deposited.
