hereby forbidden to those magistrates who are to administer the general government.
9. That no soldier be enlisted for a longer time than four years, except in time of war, and then only during the war.
10. That soldiers be not quartered, in time of peace, upon private houses, without the consent of the owners.
11. That no mutiny bill continue in force longer than two years.
These were the only checks that could be obtained against the unlimited power of raising and regulating standing armies, the natural enemies to freedom; and even with these restrictions, the new Congress will not be under such constitutional restraints as the Parliament of Great Britain—restraints which our ancestors have bled to establish, and which have hitherto preserved the liberty of their posterity.
12. That the freedom of the press be inviolably preserved.
In prosecutions in the federal courts for libels, the constitutional preservation of this great and fundamental right may prove invaluable.
13. That the militia shall not be subject to martial law, except in time of war, invasion, or rebellion.
This provision to restrain the powers of Congress over the militia, although by no means so ample as that provided by Magna Charta, and the other great fundamental and constitutional laws of Great Britain, (it being contrary to Magna Charta to punish a freeman by martial law, in time of peace, and murder to execute him,) yet it may prove an inestimable check; for all other provisions in favor of the rights of men would be vain and nugatory, if the power of subjecting all men, able to bear arms, to martial law at any moment should remain vested in Congress.
Thus far the amendments were agreed to.
The following amendments were laid before the committee, and negatived by a majority.
1. That the militia, unless selected by lot, or voluntarily enlisted, shall not be marched beyond the limits of an adjoining state, without the consent of their legislature or executive.
2. That the Congress shall have no power to alter or change the time, place, or manner of holding elections for senators or representatives, unless a state shall neglect to make regulations, or to execute its regulations, or shall be prevented by invasion or rebellion; in which cases only, Congress may interfere, until the cause be removed.
3. That, in every law of Congress imposing direct taxes, the collection thereof shall be suspended for a certain reasonable time, therein limited
