I APPENDIX 551 the answers of the Pope," which are preserved, throw some interesting light on Bulgarian customs. If the successor of Nicholas had sho^v^l tact and discretion, Bulgaria might have been won for the Latin Church ; but Hadrian II. tried the patience of Boris, and in a.d. 870 Bulgaria received an archbishop from Constanti- nople and ten bishoprics were founded. Boris sent his son Simeon to be educated at New Rome. It was not long before Slavonic books and the Slavonic liturgy were introduced into Bulgaria. [Only a few works out of the enormous literature on the apostles of the Slavs can be quoted. J. A. Ginzel, Geschichte der Slawenapostel Cj'rill und Method, und der Slawischen Liturgie (1857). L. Leger, Cyrille et Methode (1868I. Bonwetsch, Kyrillus und Methodius (1885). V. Jagic, article in the Zapiski of the Imperial Acad, of St. Petersburg, vol. li. (1886). L. K. Goetz, Gesch. der Slavenapostel Konstantinus und Methodius (1897). Cp. also the accounts in Golubinski's Hist, of the Bulgarian, Servian and Romanian Church, and in Bretholz's Geschichte Mahrens.] 13. THE HTJNGAEIANS— (P. 137 sqq.) The chief sources for the history of the Hungarians, before they took up their abode in Hungary, are (1) Leo, Tactics, c. IS, § 45 sqq. ; and Constantine Porphyrogennetos, Do Adna. Imp. , c. 38, 39, 40 ; (2) the account of Ibn Rusta, an Arabic writer who wrote a.d. 912-13 ; (3) some notices in western chronicles of the ninth century ; (4) traditions in the native chronicles of Hungary. It has been proved that the chronicle of the Anonymous Scribe of King B^la,^ which used to be regarded as a trustworth}- source for earl}' Hungarian history, is a "Machwerk " of the 13th centurs- ; - but the author as well as Simon de K6za (for his Chrouicon Hungaricum) had some old sources, from which they derived some genuine traditions, which criticism can detect and may use with discretion. The main questions in dispute with regard to the Hungarians and their early antiquity are two : concerning their ethnical affinity, and concerning the course of their wanderings from the most jirimitive habitation, to which they can be traced, up to their appearance between the Dnieper and the Danube. It may be said, I think, that we have not sufficient data to justify dogmatism in regard to either of these questions. As to their ethnical position, are the Hungarians Turkish or Finnic ? Their language shows both elements ; and the two rival theories appeal to it. Those who maintain that the Hungarians are Turkish explain the Finnic part of the vocabularj" by a long sojourn in the neighbourhood of the Voguls and Ostjaks ; while those who hold that they were brethren of the Voguls, Ostjaks, and Finns, explain the Turkish element by borrowings in the course of their sub- sequent wanderings. For the latter theory it must be said that the most elementary portion of the Hungarian vocabular}' is undoubtedly related to the Vogul, Ostjak, and their kindred languages. This comes out clearly in the numerals, and in a large nimiber of common words.-' If we set side by side 5 Included in Collections of Acta Conciliorum. 1 Best ed. by C. Fejerpatak>' (1892). - R. Roesler, Komanische Studien, p. 147 sqq. On the Hungarian sources, see H. Marczali, Ungarns Geschichtsquellen, 1882. S As a specimen, for comparison of the Hungarian language with the Vogulic which is the most closely connected, I subjoin the names of the first seven numerals Uhe original numerical system seems to have been heptadic) : — I : H. egy, V. ak, akve. 2: H. ket, ketto, V. kit, kiti. 3: H. harm, V. korm. 4 : H. negy, V. nelja. 5: H. 6t, V. at. 6: H, hat, V. kat. 7: H. het, V. sat. (The Turkish words for these numbers are totally different.) The word for 100 is the same in both languages : H. szaz, V. sat (Finnish sata). But 10 is quite different : H. tiz, V. lau (and Finnish kymmen differs from both) ; 20 coincides : H. hiisz, V. kus ; and in the first part of the compound which signifies 8 (probably 10-3) the same element occurs : H. nyol-cz, V. n'«/a-lu ; so for 80 : H. nyolcz-van, V. n'ol-sat (? 100 - 20).
