caliphs. The provinces of Syria and Egypt were twice dismembered The Toulonides A.D 868-905. by their Turkish slaves, of the race of Toulun and The Ishkidites. A.D. 934 [935]-968[969]Ikshid[1] These barbarians, in religion and manners the countrymen of Mahomet, emerged from the bloody factions of the palace to a provincial command and an independent throne: their names became famous and formidable in their time; but the founders of these two potent dynasties confessed, either in words or actions, the vanity of ambition. The first on his death-bed implored the mercy of God to a sinner, ignorant of the limits of his own power: the second, in the midst of four hundred thousand soldiers and eight thousand slaves, concealed from every human eye the chamber where he attempted to sleep. Their sons were educated in the vices of kings; and both Egypt and Syria were recovered and possessed by the Abbassides during an interval of thirty years. In the decline of their empire, Mesopotamia, with the important cities of Mosul and Aleppo, was occupied by the Arabian princes of the tribe of Hamadan.The Hamadanites. A.D. 892-1001 The poets of their court could repeat without a blush, that nature had formed their countenances for beauty, their tongues for eloquence, and their hands for liberality and valour; but the genuine tale of the elevation and reign of the Hamadanites exhibits a scene of treachery, murder, and parricide. At the same fatal period, the Persian kingdom The Bowides. A.D. 933[932]-1055 was again usurped by the dynasty of the Bowides, by the sword of three brothers, who, under various names, were styled the support and columns of the state, and who, from the Caspian sea to the ocean, would suffer no tyrants but themselves. Under their reign, the language and genius of Persia revived, and the Arabs, three hundred and four years after the death of Mahomet, were deprived of the sceptre of the East.[2]
- ↑ M. de Guignes (Hist, des Huns, torn. iii. p. 124-154) has exhausted the Toulonides and Ikshidites of Egypt, and thrown some light on the Carmathians and Hamadanites. [The Tūlūnid dynasty was founded by Ahmad, son of Tūlūn (a Turkish slave), who established his capital at the suburb of al-Katāi between Fustāt and the later Cairo. Syria was joined to Egypt under the government of Ahmad in A.D. 877.—Mohammad al-Ikhshīd, founder of the Ikhshīdid dynasty, was son of Tughj, a native of Farghānā. His government of Egypt began in A.D. 935; Syria was added in 941, and Mecca and Medina in 942. Cp. S. Lane- Poole, op. cit., p. 69. The Fātimids succeeded the Ikhshidids in 969. — The influence of the Hamdanids in Mosul (Mōsil) may be dated from c. A.D. 873, but their independent rule there begins with Hasan (Nāsir ad-dawla) A.D. 929 and lasts till 991, when they gave way to the Buwnyhids. In .leppo, the Hamdanid dynasty lasted from A.D. 944 to 1003, and then gave way to the Fatimids. See S. Lane-Poole, op. cit, p. 111-113.]
- ↑ [The three brothers, sons of Buwayh (a highland chief, who served the Ziyārid lord of Jurjān), formed three principalities in the same year (932): i. Imād addawla, in Fārs ; 2. Muizz ad-dawla in Irāk and Kirmān; 3. Rukn ad-dawla in
