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HAVELL, Robert, and HAVELL, Daniel, aquatint engravers. They published in 1812 a series of 'Picturesque Views on the River Thames,' aqua-tinted by them jointly, from the drawings of W. Havell. Robert also engraved 'Views in India,' published in 1837; and Daniel published in 1826, 'Historical and descriptive accounts of the Theatres of London,' illustrated by views of each theatre, drawn and engraved by himself.
HAVENS, Theodore, architect and painter. Practised in the reign of Charles II. There is in Caius College, Cambridge, a portrait of him painted by himself, and another portrait by him which bears the date 1653.
HAWARD, Francis, A.E., engraver. He was born April 19, 1759, and in 1776 was admitted to the schools of the Royal Academy. He first exhibited in 1783, and from that year was an occasional exhibitor. His early and best works were in the pure mezzo-tint manner, but led aside by the popularity of Bartolozzi, R.A., he adopted the mixed style of that artist. He engraved chiefly after Reynolds, P.R.A., and Angelica Kaumnann, R.A. His 'Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse,' 'Cymon and Iphigenia,' and 'Infant Academy,' are fine works, in the stipple manner. He died in 1797, in Marsh Street, Lambeth, where he had dwelt many years. His widow received the Academy pension during 42 years.
HAWKER, Edward, portrait painter. He succeeded to Sir Peter Lely's house and studio, but never enjoyed much reputation as an artist. A portrait by him of Titus Oates is engraved in mezzo-tint, as is also a full-length of the Duke of Grafton, and some others. He was admitted a Poor Knight of Windsor, and died about 1723, aged above 80.
HAWKSMOOR, Nicholas, architect. He was born at Nottinghamshire 1661, and at the age of 17 became the domestic clerk and assistant to Sir Christopher Wren, who employed him during the whole time of the building of St Paul's, and in the erection of the many churches rebuilt at that time. He was also deputy surveyor at the building of Chelsea College, 1682-90, and clerk of the works of Greenwich Hospital, 1698. He overlooked the works at Kensington, Whitehall, and St. James's. Under George I. he was chief surveyor of the new churches then building, and on the death of Wren, of the works at Westminster Abbey. Several of Queen Anne's intended 50 new churches were designed by him—St. Mary, Woolnoth; Christ Church, Spitalfields; St. George, Middlesex; St. Anne, Limehouse (1724)—one of his best works, unfortunately destroyed by fire in 1850; and St George, Bloomsbury. In this latter he aroused the critics by placing the King's statue on the apex of the steeple— an eccentric piece of originality, surely—which gave rise to a contemporary epigram:
'When Henry the Eighth left the Pope in the lurch
The Protestants made him the head of the Church;
But George's good subjects, the Bloomsbury people,
Instead of the Church, made him head of the steeple.'
He also built the library and quadrangle at Queen's College. Oxford; the towers and quadrangle of All Souls' College, Oxford, 1734; and several noble mansions, among them Easton Neston, in Northamptonshire. He was an able constructor, learned in every science connected with his art; his buildings not without dignity; but in striving to be original, his novelty was scarcely architectural. He died at Westminster, March 25, 1736, and was buried at Shenley, Herts.
HAWTHORNE, Henry, architect. Was appointed clerk of the works at Windsor Castle in 1575, and designed, in the Italian style, the gallery now forming the library. He also planned alterations on the terrace, and made some other improvements.
HAY, James, sculptor. Was originally a pupil of President West, but showing a stronger inclination to sculpture than painting, he placed himself under Flaxman, R.A., and during two years made great progress in art. He also studied anatomy. He became the prey of a lingering illness, and died prematurely at Portsea, April 26, 1810, aged 28. A good portrait-group, believed to be by him, is engraved as the frontispiece to the 8th volume of Nichols's 'Anecdotes.'
HAY, Ramsay David, ornamental painter. He was born at Edinburgh in March 1798, and was apprenticed there to a heraldic and decorative painter. He tried some pictures, but was advised to confine his practice to ornamental art, which he adopted and followed all his life. He gained notice by his work 'On the Laws of harmonious Colouring,' 1828, which went through several editions. He afterwards published several other works on the Principles of Harmony, Form and Colour, and upon the Science of Beauty. He died at Edinburgh, September 10, 1866.
HAYDON, Benjamin Robert, history painter. Was born at Plymouth, January 26, 1786, the son of a bookseller and publisher there, who claimed descent from an old county family. He was educated at the grammar school of the borough and at Plympton, and gained some small share of classical learning. He early attached himself to drawing, for which he showed some
