he accomplished his task, and returned from Kphesus to Phalara, on the Maliac Gulf, within twelve days. After falling into the hands of Philip, by whom he was treated with unexpected kindness, he reached Hypata just at the moment when the Aetolians were deliberating about peace, and by bringing some money from Antiochus, and the promise of further aid, he succeeded in persuading them to refuse the terms proposed by the Romans. (Liv. xxxvi. 29; Polyb. xx. 10, 11.) In B.C. 190 he was appointed praetor (or ^rpaTTtyos) of the Aetolians (Clinton, Fasti HdL and endeavoured in vain to force the consul, M, Fulvius Nobilior, to raise the siege of Ambracia (Liv. xxxviii. 1, 4—6; Polyb. xxii. 8, 10), after which he was sent as ambassador to Rome, with Phaeneas, to settle the terms of peace. (Polyb. xxii. 13.) We hear no more of him, but that, as he was ever afterwards favourably inclined towards the royal family of Macedonia, because of Philip's kindness to him, he fell under the displeasure of the Romans on that account during their war with Perseus, B.C. 171—168, and that he was summoned to Rome, and died there. (Polyb. xx. 11, xxvii. 1 3, xxviii. 4, 6.)
4. One of the ambassadors from Rhodes to Rome, with Agesilochus and Nicagoras, probably B.C. 169. (Polyb. xxviii. 2, 14.) [ W. A. G. ]
NICANDER (Νίκανδρος), literary.1. The author of two Greek poems that are still extant, and of several others that have been lost. His father's name was Damnaeus (Eudoc. Viol. ap. Villoison's Anecd. Gr, vol. i. p. 308,and an anonymous Greek life of Nicander), though Suidas (probably by some oversight) calls him Xenophanes (s. v. NiKavSpos), and he was one of the hereditary priests of Apollo Clarius [Clarius], to which dignity Nicander himself succeeded (comp. Nicand. Alexiph. v. 11). He was born at the small town of Claros, near Colophon in Ionia, as he intimates himself {Ther. in fine), whence he is frequently called Colophonius (Cic. de Orat. i. 16; Suid. &c.), and there is a Greek epigram {AntJiol. Gr. ix. 213) complimenting Colophon on being the birth-place of Homer and Nicander. He was said by some ancient authors to have been born in Aetolia, but this probably arose from his having passed some time in that country, and written a work on its natural and political history. He has been supposed to have been a contemporary of Aratus and Callimachus in the third century B.C., but it is more probable that he lived nearly a century later, in the reign of Ptolemy V. (or Epiphanes), who died B.C. 181, and that the Attalus to whom he dedicated one of his lost poems was the last king of Pergamus of that name, who began to reign B.C. 138 (Anon. Gr. Life of Nicander, and Anon. Gr. Life of Aratus). If these two dates are correct, Nicander may be supposed to have been in reputation for about fifty years cir. B.C. 185—135 (see Clinton's Fasti Hell. vol. iii.). He was a physician and grammarian, as well as a poet, and his writings seem to have been rather numerous and on various subjects.
The longest of his poems that remains is named Θηριακά, and consists of nearly a thousand hexameter lines. It is dedicated to a person named Hermesianax, who must not be confounded with the poet of that name. It treats (as the name implies) of venomous animals and the wounds inflicted by them, and contains some curious and interesting zoological passages, together with numerous absurd fables, which do not require to be particularly specified here. Haller calls it "longa, incondita, et nullius fidei farrago" (Biblioth. Botan.). His other poem, called Άλεξιφάρμακα, consists of more than six hundred lines, written in the same metre, is dedicated to a person named Protagoras, and treats of poisons and their antidotes: of this work also Haller remarks, "descriptio vix ulla, symptomata fuse recensentur, et magna farrago et incondita plantarum potissimum alexipharmacarum subjicitur." A full analysis of the medical portions of both these works may be found in Mr. Adams's Commentary on the fifth book of Paulus Aegineta. Among the ancients his authority in all matters relating to toxicology seems to have been considered high. His works are frequently quoted by Pliny {H. N. XX. 13, 2Q, xxii. 15, 32, xxvi. 66, xxx. 25, xxxii. 22, xxxvi. 25, xxxvii. 11, 28), Galen (rfe Hippocr. et Plat. Deer. ii. 8, vol. v. p. 275, de Locis Affect, ii. 5, vol. viii. p. 1 33, de Simpl. Medicam. Temper, ac Facult. ix. 2, § 10, x. 2. § 16, vol. xii. pp. 204, 289, de Ther. ad Pis. cc. 9, 13, vol. xiv. pp. 239, 265, Comment, in Hippocr. "De Artie." iii. 38, vol. xviii. pt. i. p. 537), Athenaeus (pp. QQ^ 312, 366, 649, &c.), and other ancient writers; and Dioscorides, A e tins, and other medical authors have made frequent use of his works. Plutarch, Diphilus and others wrote commentaries on his "Theriaca" [Diphilus], Marianus paraphrased it in iambic verse [Marianus], and Eutecnius wrote a paraphrase in prose of his two principal poems, which is still extant. On the subject of his poetical merits the ancient writers were not well agreed; for though (as we have seen) a writer in the Greek Anthology compliments Colophon for being the birth-place of Homer and Nicander, and Cicero praises {de Orat. i. 16) the poetical manner in which in his "Georgics" he treated a subject of which he was wholly ignorant, Plutarch on the other hand {de Ami. Po'ct. c. 2, vol. i. p. 36, ed. Tauchn.) says that the "Theriaca," like the poems of Empedocles, Parmenides, and Theognis, have nothing in them of poetry but the metre. Modern critics have differed equally on this point; but practically the judgment of posterity has been pronounced with sufficient clearness, and his works are now scarcely ever read as poems, but merely consulted by those who are interested in points of zoological and medical antiquities:—how opposite a fate to that which has befallen Virgil's Georgics! In reference to his style and language Bentley calls him, with great truth, "antiquarium, obsoleta et casca verba studiose venantem, et vel sui saeculi lectoribus difficilem et obscurum." {Cambridge Museum Criticum vol. i. p. 371.)
The following are the titles of Nicander's lost works, as collected by Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. iv. p. 348, Harles): 1. AtrwAi/ca, a prose work, consisting of at least three books; quoted by Athenaeus (pp. 296, 477), Macrobius {Saturn, v. 21), Harpocration {Lex. s. v. Svcttiou)^ and other writers.[1] 2. TewpyiKa,, a poem in hexameter verse, consisting of at least two books, of which some long fragments remain; mentioned by Cicero {de Orat. i, 16), Suidas, and others, and frequently quoted by Athenaeus, (pp. 52, 133, 371, &c.).
- ↑ Fabricius and Schweighaeuser (Athen. p. 329, and "Ind. Auctor.") reckon among Nicander's works a poem called BoiajTiofc^s, but this is wrong. See Dindorfs Athen. l. c. and " Ind. Scriptor."
