682 JUSTINUS. To discover the sources from which a lost writer derived his materials would seem to be a hopeless quest, when it is certain that most of these sources have themselves disappeared. For not only did Trogus enter upon large departments of historical research, where we can compare him with no au- thority now extant ; but even when he trod the ground previously travelled over by Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Polybius, we clearly perceive that far from confining himself to their statements, he frequently adopted accounts com- ))letely at variance with those which they followed. It is certain, however, that his guides were ex- clusively Greek, and we have every reason to be- lieve that to no one did he owe more than to Theopompus, from whom he borrowed not only the title, but much of the general plan and execution of his work. He was also, we may conjecture, largely indebted to Ephorus, Timaeus, and Posidonius ; but our limits forbid us to enter upon an inquiry which has been prosecuted with great learning by Heeren in the essay quoted below. We must not omit to remark that the quotations from Trogus found in Pliny appear to be all taken from a treatise De Animalibus mentioned hy Charisius (p. 79. ed. Putsch.), and not from his histories. The Editio Princeps of Justin was printed at Venice by Jenson, 4to. 1470, and another very early impression which appeared at Rome without date or name of printer is ascribed by bibliogra- phers to the same or the following year. The first critical edition was that of Marcus Antonius Sabel- licus, published along with Florus at Venice, fol. 1490, and again in 1497 and 1507 : it was super- seded by that of Aldus, 8vo. Venet. 1522 ; the volume containing also Cornelius Nepos ; and this in turn gave way to that of Bongarsius, 8vo. Paris, 1581, in which the text was revised with great care, and illustrated by useful commentaries ; but conjectural emendations were too freely admitted. Superior in accuracy to any of the preceding is the larger edition of Graevius, 8vo. Lug. Bat. 1683; that of Hearne, 8vo. Oxon. 1705 ; and above all, those of Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 1719 and 1760, be- longing to the series of Variorum Classics, in 8vo. The last of these is in a great measure followed by Frotscher, 3 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1827, whose labours exhibit this author under his best form. Numerous translations have from time to time appeared in all the principal languages of Europe. The earliest English version is that executed by Arthur Goldinge, printed at London in 4to, by Tho. Marshe, 1564, and again in 1570, with the following title, " Thabridge mente of the Histo- ries of Trogus Pompeius, gathered and written in the Laten tung, by the famous historiographer Justine, and translated into English by Arthur Goldinge : a worke containing brefly great plentye of moste delectable Historyes and notable exam- ples, worthy not only to be read, but also to bee embraced and followed of al men. Newlie con- ferred with the Latin copye, and corrected by the Translator. Anno Domini 1570. Imprinted at London by Th. Marshe." "We have also transla- tions by Codrington, 12mo. Lond. 1654; by Thomas Brown, 12mo. Lond. 1712; by Nicolas Bayley, 8vo. Lond. 1732; by John Clarke, 8 vo. Lond. 1732; and by Turnbull, 12mo. Lond. 1 746 ; most of which have passed through several editions. JUSTINUS. The fragments spoken of at the beginning of this article will be found in Plin. //. N. vii. 3, x. 33, xi. 39, 52, xvii. 10, xxxi. sub fin. ; Vopisc. Aure- Han. 2, Prob. 2 ; Hieron. Prooein. in Daniel^ Com- ment, in Daniel, c. 5 ; Augustin, de Civ. Dei., iv. 6 ; Oros. i. 8, 1 0, iv. 6, vii. 27, 34 ; Isidor. de N. R. 6 ; Priscian, v. 3. § 12, vii. 11. § 63 ; Vet. Interp, ad Vir^. Aen. iii. 108, iv. 37 ; Jomandes, de R. G. 6, 10, Every thing that is known or can be conjectured with regard to Trogus, Justin, and their works, is contained in the " Coramen- tationes de Trogi Pompeii eiusque epitomatoris Justini fontibus et auctoriiate," by Heeren, printed originally in the 15th volume of the Gottingen Transactions, and prefixed to the edition of Frot- scher. [W. R.] JUSTI'NUS ('Iouo-tTj/os), ecclesiastical. 1. Surnamed the Martyr (o Ma'prus), or the Phi- losopher (d ^i(T()<pos)., one of the earliest of the Christian writers, was a native of Flavia Neapolis, or the New City of Flavia (Justin, Apolog. Prima, c. 1), which arose out of the ruins, and in the im- mediate vicinity of the ancient town, called She- chem in the Old Testament and Sychar in the New. The year of his birth is not known : Dod- well, Grabe (Spicileg. SS. Pairum, saec. ii. p, 147), and the Bollandists {Acta Sanctorum, April, vol. ii, p. 110, note c), conjecture from a passage of Epi- phanius {Adv. Haeres. xlvi. 1), which, as it now stands, is clearly erroneous, that he was born about A. D. 89 ; but this conjecture (which is adopted by Fabricius) is very uncertain, though sufficiently m accordance with the known facts of his history. Tillemont and Ceillier place the birth of Justin in A, D, 103, Maranin a. d, 114, Halloixin a, d, 118. He was the son of Priscus Bacchius, or rather of Priscus, the son of Bacchius, and Avas brought up as a heathen ; for though he calls himself a Samaritan {Apolog. Secu?ida, c. 15, Dialog, aim. Tri/phone, c. 120), he appears to mean no more than that he was born in the country of Samaria, not that he held that Semi-Judaism which was so prevalent among his countrymen. (Comp. Apolog. Prima, c. 53, sub med.) He devoted himself to philosophy, and for a considerable time studied the system of the Stoics, under a teacher of that sect ; but not obtaining that knowledge of the Deity which he desired, and finding that his teacher un- dervalued such knowledge, he transferred himself to a Peripatetic, who plumed himself on his acute- ness, whom, however, he soon left, being disgusted at his avarice, and therefore judging him not to be a philosopher at all. Still thirsting after phi- losophical acquirements, he next resorted to a Py- thagorean teacher of considerable reputation, but was rejected by him, as not having the requisite preliminary acquaintance with the sciences of nm- sic, geometry, and astronomy. Though at first disheartened and mortified by his repulse, he de- termined to try the Platonists, and attended the instructions of an eminent teacher of his native town, under whom he became a proficient in the Platonic system. His mind was much puffed up by the study of incorporeal existences, and espe- cially by the Platonic doctrine of ideas, so that he soon conceived he had become wise ; and so greatly were his expectations raised, that, says he, " I fool- ishly hoped that I should soon behold the Deity." Under the influence of these notions he sought op- portunities for solitary meditation ; and one day, going to a lone place near the sea, he met with ac i
