1345 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES OF • spring, marches through Phoenicia and Syria, crosses the Euphrates at Thapsacus in the middle of the summer, and defeats Dare ills again at Arbela or Gaugamela on the 1st of October, He wintered at Persepolis. In Greece, Agis is defeated and slain by Anti pater, Alexander marches into Media, and takes Ecbatana. From thence he sets out in pursuit of Dareius, who is slain by Bessus, After the death of Dareius, Alexander conquers Hyrcania, and marches in pur- suit of Bessus through Drangiana and Ara- chosia, towards Bactria, The speech of Aeschines against Cte- siphon, and the speech of Demosthenes on the Crown. Aeschines, after his failure, withdrew to Asia. Speech of Lycurgus against Leocrates. Philemon began to exhibit comedy, during the reign of Alexander, a little earlier than Menander. Alexander marches across the Paropamisus in the winter, passes the Oxus, takes Bes- sus, and reaches the Jaxartes, where he founds a city Alexandria. He subsequently crosses the Jaxartes and defeats the Scy- thians. He winters at Bactra. Alexander is employed during the whole of this campaign in the conquest of Sogdiana. Crates, the cynic, flourished, Alexander completes the conquest of Sog- diana early in the spring. He marries Roxana, the daughter of Oxyartes, a Bac- trian prince. After the subjugation of Sogdiana, Alexander returns to Bactra, from whence he marches to invade India, He crosses the Hydaspes, and defeats Porus. He continues his march as far as the Hyphasis, but is there compelled by his troops to return to the Hydaspes. In the autumn he begins to sail down the Hy- daspes and the Indus to the Ocean, which he reached in July in the following year. Alexander returns to Persia with part of his troops through Gedrosia. He sends Nearchus with the fleet to sail from the mouths of the Indus to the Persian gulph. Nearchus accomplishes the voyage in 129 days. Alexander reaches Susa at the beginning of the year. Towards the close of it he visits Ecbatana, where Hephaestion dies. Cam- paign against the Cossaei in the winter. Alexander reaches Babylon in the spring, Harpalus comes to Athens, and bribes many of the Greek orators, Demosthenes, accused of having received a bribe from Harpalus, is condemned to pay a fine of 50 talents. He withdraws to Troezen and Aegina, Death of Alexander at Babylon in June, after a reign of twelve years and eight months. Division of the satrapies among Alexander's generals. The Greek states make war against Mace- donia, usually called the Lamian war. Leosthenes, the Athenian general, defeats Antipater, and besieges Lamia, in which B.C. 322 321 320 319 318 31< 316 315 314 Antipater had taken refuge. Death of Leosthenes. Demosthenes returns to Athens. Hyperides pronounces the funeral ora- tion over those who had fallen in the La- mian war. Epicurus aet, 18 comes to Athens. Death of Diogenes, the cynic. Leonnatus comes to the assistance of Anti- pater, but is defeated and slain. Craterus comes to the assistance of Antipater. De- feat of the confederates at the battle of Cranuon on the 7th of August. End of the Lamian war. Munychia occupied by the Macedonians on the 19th of Sep- tember Death of Demosthenes on the 14th of October. Death of Aristotle aet. 63 at Chalcis, whither he had withdrawn from Athens a few months before. Antipater and Craterus cross over into Asia, to carry on war against Perdiccas. Cra- terus is defeated and slain by Eumenes, who had espoused the side of Perdiccas. Perdiccas invades Egypt, where he is slain by his own troops. Partition of the pro- vinces at Triparadisus. Menander aet. 20 exhibits his first comedy. Antigonus carries on war against Eumenes. Death of Antipater, after appointing Poly- sperchon regent, and his son Cassander chiliarch. Escape of Eumenes from Nora, where he had been long besieged by Antigonus. Demades put to death by Cassander. War between Cassander and Polysperchon in Greece. The Athenians put Phocion to death, Athens is conquered by Cassander, who places it under the government of Demetrius Phalereus. Eumenes is appointed by Polysperchon com- mander of the royal forces in the East, and is opposed by Antigonus. Battle of Gabiene between Eumenes and Antigonus. Death of Arridaeus, Philip, and Eurydice. Olympias returns to Macedonia, and is be- sieged by Cassander at Pydna. Last battle between Antigonus and Eu- menes. Eumenes surrendered by the Argyraspids, and put to death. Antigonus becomes master of Asia. Seleucus flies from Babylon, and takes refuge with Ptolemy in Egypt. Cassander takes Pydna, and puts Olympias to death. He marries Thessalonice,.the daughter of Philip, and keeps Roxana and her son Alexander IV. in custody. Cas- sander rebuilds Thebes. Coalition of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus against Antigonus. First year of the war. Polemon succeeds Xenocrates at the Academy. Second year of the war against Antigonus. Successes of Cassander in Greece. Anti- gonus conquers Tyre, and winters in Phrygia, Death of the orator Aeschines, aet, 75.
