284 PHILIPPUS. goras, and thus, on the whole, the result of the campaign had been certainly not unfavourable to Philip. (Liv. xxxi. 27—43.) It was apparently late in tlie season before the new consul, P. Villius Tappulus, arrived in Epeirus to succeed Sulpicius, and a mutiny that broke out in his own army prevented him from undertaking any hostile operations. Philip meanwhile had followed up his victory over the Aetolians by laying siege to Thaumaci, in Thessaly, but the courageous defence of the garrison protracted this siege until so late a period of the year, that Philip was compelled to abandon the enterprise, and return to Macedonia for the winter. (Id. xxxii. 3, 4.) After spending this period of repose in the most active preparations for renewing the contest, he took the field again with the first approach of spring, B.C. 198, and established his camp in a strong position near the pass of Antigoneia, where it completely commanded the direct route into Macedonia. Villius advanced to a position near that of the king, but was wholly unable to force the pass ; and while he was still deliberating what to do, his successor Flamininus arrived, and took the command of the army. (Id. ib. 5, 6, 9,) The events of the war from this period till its ter- mination have been already fully given under Flamininus. By the peace finally granted to Philip (b. c. 196), the king was compelled to abandon all his conquests, both in Europe and Asia, withdraw his garrisons from all Greek cities, surrender his whole fleet to the Romans, and limit his standing army to .5000 men, besides paying a sum of 1000 talents. Among the hostages given for the fulfil- ment of these hard conditions, was his son Deme- trius. (Polyb. xviii. 27 ; Liv. xxxiii. 30.) What- ever resentment and enmity he might still entertain against his conquerors, Philip was now effectually humbled, and it is certain that his conduct towards Rome at this time is characterised by every ap- pearance of good faith and of a sincere desire to cultivate the friendship of the all-powerful republic. At the suggestion of the Roman deputy, Cn. Cor- nelius, he sent an embassy to Rome, to request that the treaty of peace might be converted into one of alliance (Polyb. xviii. 31) ; and in the following year (195), he sent a strong body of auxiliaries to the assistance of Flamininus against Nabis. (Liv. xxxi v. 26.) At a subsequent period he resisted all the efforts of the Aetolian envoy, Nicander, to induce him once more to take up arms in concert with Antiochus, as well as the tempting offers of that monarch himself, who spared no promises in order to gain him over to liis alliance. (Id. xxxv. 12, xxxix. 28.) At the commencement of B. c. 191, he sent ambassadors to Rome, with offers of support and assistance against Antiochus, who was then already in Greece. The Syrian king had the imprudence at this time to give personal offence to Philip, who immediately engaged in measures of more active hostility, lent all the assistance in his power to the Roman praetor, Baebius, and co-operated with the Romans in the siege of Limnaea, while he took the opportunity to expel Amynander from Athamania, and make him- self master of that province. (Id. xxxvi. 4,8,13,14.) Though he took no part in the decisive battle at Thermopylae, he joined the consul Acilius Glabrio shortly after, and it was arranged between them that Philip should besiege Lamia at the same time PHILIPPUS. that Glabrio carried on the siege of Heracleia, but the latter city having fallen first, the king was ordered to desist from the siege of Lamia, which thereupon surrendered to the Romans. Phi- lip was indignant at being thus balked of his prize, but he neverthelecs obtained permission from the consul, while the latter was occupied in the siege of Naupactus, to turn his arms against some of the cities which had taken part with the Aetolians ; and not only made himself master of Demetrias, and other places in Thessaly, but overran the whole of Perrhaebia, Aperantia, and Dolopia. ( Id. xxxvi. 25, 33, 34, xxxix. 23.) The Romans, at this period, evinced their satisfaction with the conduct of Phi- lip by restoring to him his son Demetrius and the other hostages, and remitting all the arrears of tribute, which remained yet unpaid (Pol. xx. 13, xxi. 9 ; Liv. xxxvi. 35) : the king, in return, ren- dered them still more important services, by pro- viding every thing necessary for the march of their army through Macedonia and Thrace, when ad- vancing to the attack of Antiochus in Asia ; and securing its passage, without obstruction, as far as the Hellespont. (Liv. xxxvii. 7 ; Appian. Mac. Exc. 7. § 3.) But the seeds of fresh disputes were already sown, and Polybius has justly remarked that the real causes of the second war of the Ro- mans with Macedonia arose before the death of Philip, though it did not break out till a later period. So long as the Romans were engaged in the contest with Antiochus, and stood in need of the support of the Macedonian king, he had been allowed to retain possession of the conquests he had made during that war ; and though Athamania had been again wrested from him by Amynander and the Aetolians, he still held many towns in Perrhaebia and Thessaly, which he had captured from the Aetolians, with the express permission of Acilius Glabrio. But after the fall of Antiochus, deputies from those states appeared at Rome (b. c. 185), to demand the restitution of the cities in question, and at the same time Eumenes warned the senate of the increasing power of Philip, who was diligently employed in strengthening his internal resources, while he was secretly enlarging his fron- tiers on the side of Thrace, and had made himself master of the important cities of Aenus and Maroneia. This was enough to arouse the jealousy of the senate. After the usual form of sending deputies to inquire into the niatters on the spot, it was decreed that Philip should surrender all his con- quests in Perrhaebia and Thessaly, withdraw his garrisons from the cities of Thrace, and confine himself within the ancient limits of Macedonia. (Liv. xxxix. 23—29, 33 ; Polyb. xxiii. 4, 6, 1 1, 13,14.) The indignation of the king was vehemently excited by these commands, but he was not yet prepared to resist the power of Rome, and accord- ingly complied, but, before he withdrew his troops from Maroneia, made a barbarous massacre of many of the unhappy citizens. At the same time he sent his younger son, Demetrius, to Rome, to answer the complaints which were now pouring in from all sides against him : and the young prince was received with so much favour by the senate, that they agreed to pardon all the past grounds of offence against Philip, out of consideration for his son, B. c. 183. (Polyb. xxiii. 13, 1 4, xxiv. 1—3 : Liv. xxxix. 34, 35, 46, 47.) Unhappily the par- tiality thus displayed by the Romans towards De-
