928 STUDITA. R boy, of which Brutus was so fond that it was named after him. (Sillig, Cat. Art. s. v. ; Ross, as above quoted ; R. Rochette, Lettre a M. Schorn, pp. 409 — 411, 2d. ed. ; Nagler, Kunstler- Lexicon, s. V.) [P. S.] STRO'PHIUS (Srprf^tos.) 1. The father of Scamandrius. (Horn. II. v. 49.) 2. A son of Crissus and Antiphateia, and hus- band of Cydragora, Anaxibia or Astyocheia, by whom he became the father of Astydameia and Pylades. (Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 33 ; Paus. ii. 29. § 4 ; Pind. Pyth. xi. 35.) 3. A son of Pylades and Electra. Paus. ii. 1 6. in fin.) [h. S.] STRUCT US^ a cognomen in the Servilia gens, almost always occurs in connection with those of Ahala or of Priscus, under which the Struct! are given. The only Structus who is mentioned with this cognomen alone, is Sp. Servi- lus Structus, who was consular tribune in B. c. 368. STRUTHAS {^Tpovdas a Persian, was sent by Aitaxerxes II. (Mneraon), in b. c. 392, to su- persede Tiribazus in the satrapy of Western Asia. Recollecting the successful Asiatic campaigns of Agesilaus, Struthas had a strong conviction of the formidable power of the Spartans, and therefore on his arrival took part warmly with the Athenians. The Lacedaemonian government sent out Thibron to act against him ; but this officer suffered himself to be surprised by Struthas, and was slain in an engagement in which his army was defeated by the Persians, Diphridas was then despatched to take the command of the Spartan forces, and was more successful in his operations against Struthas. [Di- phridas.] (Xen. Hell. iv. 8. §§ 17—21.) By the year 388 b. c. we find Tiribazus again in possession of his satrapy. (Xen. Hell. v. 1. § 6.) ^ [E. E.] STRYMON {:S,Tpvfxoov)., a son of Oceanus and Tethys, was a river god of Thrace, and is called a king of Thrace. (Hes. T/i£og. 339; Conon, Narr. 4; Anton. Lib. 21.) By Euterpe or Calliope, he became the father of Rhesus (Apollod. i. 3. § 4; Eurip. Rhes. 347), and by Neaera of Euadne. (Apollod.ii. 1. §2.) [L. S.] STUDITA (JOSEPHUS). Under the article Joseph us we gave references to this article from the following Joseph! : — No. 5, Confessor. ; No. 14, of Sicily; No, 15, Studita ; and No. 16, of Thessalonica. We were led to do this by the authority of Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 79), who has confounded Josephus, the brother of Theodorus Studita, with Josephus Siculus. On further examination we have found that they were distinct persons, and therefore give them here distinctly. 1. Josephus Studita (i. e. monk of the convent of Studiura, tcHv StouSiou, at Con- stantinople), brother of Theodore Studita is further known by the titles of Joseph the Con- fessor (d OjLioAoyTjT?)? 'lwa'ti<l>) and Joseph of Thessalonica. His parents. Photinus and Theoc- tista, appear to have been resident at or near Con- stantinople : and Joseph and his brother Theodore were monks in the convent of Studium (Anonym. De Monasterio Studii, apud Pagi, Critice in Ba- ronii Annaks, ad ann. 814, c. xvi.), of which Theodore was afterwards abbot, and which was then eminent for the reputed sanctity of its in- mates. In a eulogistic notice of Joseph in the Menologium Batilianum (pars iii. p. 167, fol. STUDITA. Urbin. 1727), Joseph is said to have lived in the time of the emperor Theophilus, and to have been elected archbishop of Thessalonica with unani- mous approval, on account of his recognised excel- lence of character. It appears, however, that his appointment was long antecedent to the reign of Theophilus ; and that it was by no means unex- ceptionable ; for when his quarrel with the pa- triarch Nicephorus had brought him into trouble, he had to defend himself against the charge of having improperly thrust himself into his see ; and his defence seems to admit that the objection was not altogether groundless (Baron. Annales Eccles. ad ann. 808, xvii. &c.). In what year he became archbishop is not clear ; but in a. d. 809, if we adopt the chronology of Baronius who follows Theo- phanes, he was deposed, exiled, and imprisoned {ibid, ad ann. 809, viii. xlvi. ; Theophan. Chronog. p. 409, ed. Paris, p. 325, ed. Venice, p. 752, ed. Bonn ; Cedren. Compend. p. 478, ed. Paris, vol. ii. p. 36, ed. Bonn). The occasion of this severe treatment was his refusal to communicate with the patriarch Nicephorus of Constantinople, because the latter had restored to the office of oeconomus or steward of the great church at Constantinople, the presbyter Joseph, who had officiated at the marriage of the emperor Constantine VI. with the harlot Theodote or Theodata, in A. d. 795 [Constantinus VI.] ; but it is probable that the quarrel was embittered by the iconoclastic con- troversy, and that the ejected prelate was regarded as a confessor for the truth rather than a sufferer in a squabble about an individual. Soon after the accession of the emperor Michael I. Rhangabe, Joseph recovered his liberty and his see (Theophan. Chronog. p. 419, ed. Paris, p. 333, ed. Venice, p. 770, ed. Bonn ; Zonaras, Annales, lib. XV. c. 17). When the iconoclastic party, under the patronage of Leo V. the Annenian, re- gained the ascendancy, Joseph was among the champions and sufferers in the cause of images. He was confined in an island, apparently one of those in the Propontis, in one of which he had been before confined in A. d. 809 (Theodor. Studit. Epistola, apud Baron. Annales, ad ann. 815. xi. 816. xliv. &c.). It is mentioned in the life of St. Nicetas, the Bithynian confessor, that Joseph attended at his funeral, which may be fixed in A. d. 824 {Acta Sanctor. April, vol. i. pp. 253, 265, and Appendix, p. xxxii.). Nothing seems to be known of him after this, unless we accept as true the statement of the Menologium Basilianum {I. c), that he was imprisoned by the emperor Theophilus for refusing to renounce the adoration of images, and died in prison. But the statement is rendered doubtful by the addition that, at the time when he was put in prison, his brother Theodore was ba- nished : for Theodore died in A. d. 826, three years before the accession of Theophilus ; so that the account is, at any rate, inaccurate ; and whether there is any truth in it can hardly be now ascer- tained. It is not certain that Joseph lived to the accession of the emperor. He was dead before, and apparently long before 844, in which year the relics of Theodore Studita were transferred with great pomp to the church of the Precursor (sc. John the Baptist), in the monastery of Studiura, where those of Joseph were already reposing ( Vita S. Nicolai Studitae, apud Acta Sanctorum Fehruar. vol. i. p. 547). There are some writings of Joseph extant. Baronius has given {AnnaL, ad ann, 808,
