998 SIGMAN. Caesar, and Germanicus, is still visible in the form of a mound or tumulus. [L. S.] 8IGMAN (2i'7/uai'), a river in Gallia. Ptolemy (ii. 7. § 2) places the mouth of the Sigman be- tween the Aturis (.-iffo^r) and the Garonne; and between the Sii;man and the Garonne he places Cu- i-ianinn Promonlorium. [Cukianum.] Marcianus (^PeripL), who has the name Signatlus, gives two distances between the mouth of the Adonr and that of the Sigman, one of which is .500 and the other 4.50 stadia. We cannot trust either the latitudes of I'toleiny or the distances of Marcian along this coast. There is no river between the Adour and the Garonne that we can suppose to have been marked down by the ancient coasting ships to the exclusion of the Leyre, which flows into the Bassin dArcachon. But Gosselin supposes the Sigman to be the Mimisan, which is about half-way between the Adoztr and the Bassin d'Arcachon. [G. L.] SI'GNIA {'S.Lyvia: Eth. Signinus: Segni), an ancient city of Latium, situated on a lofty hill at the NW. angle of the Volscian mountains, looking down upon the valley of the Sacco. It is represented by ancient authors as a Roman colony founded by Tarquinius Superbus, at the same time with Circeii. (Liv. i. 55 ; Dionys. iv. 63.) No trace of it is found before this; its name does not figure among the cities of the Latin League or those of which the foundation was ascribed to Alba; and the story told by Dionysius (I. c), that it originated at first in a fortuitous settlement of some Roman troops en- camped in the neighbourhood, which was afterwards enlarged and strengthened by Tarquin, certainly points to the fact of its being a new town, and not, like so many of the Roman colonies, a new settlement in a previously existing city. It passed, after the expulsion of Tarquin, into the hands of the Roman Republic, as it was attacked in b. c. 497 by Sextus Tarquinius, who in vain endeavoured to make him- self master of it (Dionys. v. 58). A few years later, it received a fresh colony, to recruit its exhausted po- pulation (Liv. ii. 21). From this time it-appears to have continued a dependency of Rome, and never, so far as we leanf, fell into the power of the Volscians, though that people held all the neighbouring moun- tain country. Signia must indeed, from its strong and commanding position, overlooking all the valley of the Trerus and the broad plain between it and Praeueste, have been a point of the utmost impor- tance for the Romans and Latins, especially as secur- ing their coninmnications with their allies the Hernicans. In b. c. 340 the Signians shared in the general defection of the Latins (Liv. viii. 3); but we iiave no account of the part they took in the war that followed, or of the terms on which they were received to submission. We know only that Signia became again (as it had probably been before) a Colonia Latina, and is mentioned as such during the Second Punic War. On that occasion it was one of those which continued faithful to Rome at the most trying period of the war (Liv. sxvii. 10), and must therefore have been still in a flourishing condition. On account of its strong and secluded position we find it selected as one of the places where the Cartha- ginian hostages were deposited for safety (Id. xxxii. 2): but this is the last mention of it that occurs in history, except that the battle of Sacriportus is de- scribed by Plutarch as taking place near Signia (Plut. Sidl. 28). That decisive action was fought in the plain between Signia and Praeneste [Saciu- voi:ti;s]. It, however, certainly continued during SIGNIA. the later ages of the Republic and under the Empire to be a considerable municipal town. It received a fresh body of colonists under the Triumvirate, but it is doubtful whether it retained the rank of a Colonia. Pliny does not reckon it as such, and though it is termed " Colonia Signina " in some in- scriptions, these are of doubtful authenticity. (Strab. v. p. 237; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Sil. Ital. viii. 378; Lib. Colon, p. 237; Zumpt, de Col. p. 338; Gruter, Inscr. p. 490. 5, &c.) Signia was chiefly noted under the Roman Em- pire for its wine, which, though harsh and astringent, was valued for its medical qualities, and seems to have been extensively used at Rome (Strab. v. p. 237 ; Plin. xiv. 6. s. 8 ; Athen. i. p. 27 ; Sil. Ital. I. c; Martial, xiii. 116; Cels. de Med. iv. 5). Its territory produced also pears of a celebrated quality (Juv. xi. 73; Plin. xv. 15. s. 16; Colum. v. 10. § 18; Macrob. Sat. ii. 15), as well as excellent vege- tables, which were sent in large quantities to Rome (Colum. X. 131). These last were grown on a hill near the city, called by Columella Mons Lepinus, apparently one of the underfalls of the Volscian mountains; but there is no authority for applying the name (as modern writers have frequently done) to the whole of that mass of mountains [Lepinus Mons]. Signia also gave name to a particular kind of cement known as " opus Signinum," and extensively employed both for pavements and reser- voirs of water (Plin. xxxv. 12. s. 46; Colum. i. 6. § 12, viii. 15. § 3; Vitruv. viii. 7. § 14). The modern town of Segni (a poor place, with about 3500 inhabitants) occupies a part only of the site of the ancient city. The latter embraced within the circuit of its walls the whole summit of the hill, which stands boldly out from the Volscian mountains, with which it is connected only by a narrow neck or isthmus. The line of the ancient walls may be traced throughout its whole extent; they are constructed of large masses of stone (the hard limestone of which the hill itself consists), of polygonal or rudely squared form, and afford cer- tainly one of the most remarkable specimens of the style of construction commonly known as Cyclopean or Pelasgic, of which striking instances are found also in other cities in this part of Latium. The city had in all five gates, two of which still retain their primitive construction ; and one of these, known as the Porta Saracinesca, presents a remarkable instance of the rudest and most massive Cyclopean construction. The architrave is formed of single masses of stone not less than 12 feet in length, laid across from one impost to the other. This gate has been repeatedly figured*; another, less celebrated but scarcely less remarkable, is found on the SE. side of the town, and is constructed in a style pre- cisely similar. The age of these walls and gates has been a subject of much controversy; on the one hand the rude and massive style of their construc- tion, and the absence of all traces of the arch in the gateways, would seem to assign them to a remote and indefinite antiquity; on the other hand, the historical notices that we possess concerning Signia all tend to prove that it was not one of the most ancient cities of Latium, and that there could not have existed a city of such magnitude previous to the settlement of the Roman colony under Tarquin. (For the discussion of this question as well as for
- The annexed figure is taken from that given
by Abeken (^Mittel Italien, pi. 2).
